Why do people move from rural areas to cities?

People may choose to move from rural areas to cities for a number of reasons, but the root motivation behind many of these causes has to do with the opportunities available in one's life. Here I will discuss a few different aspects of what might make city life more desirable than rural life for someone.

Work is an important part of life, and cities typically offer a greater variety of jobs and a larger work...

People may choose to move from rural areas to cities for a number of reasons, but the root motivation behind many of these causes has to do with the opportunities available in one's life. Here I will discuss a few different aspects of what might make city life more desirable than rural life for someone.

Work is an important part of life, and cities typically offer a greater variety of jobs and a larger work field in general. Work in rural areas tends to be limited to production of a local specialty (like agriculture or mining) and support for the people who produce it. In cities, there are a greater number of industries to work in. While rent (for comparable living arrangements) tends to be higher in cities, jobs in the city may pay better based on the type of work. 

Without good health, there is not much left in life, so health is often a big factor in why someone may choose to move to a city. Though city air has higher concentrations of pollutants, city water is more closely regulated than rural water for contamination. People in the city also tend to live closer to physicians and have a greater variety of physicians to choose from. In much of the world, specialty care for certain diseases or conditions can only be found in the city. Treatment for or managing an illness may make it more effective in cost and time spent for an individual or their family to live in a city to be nearer their doctor or hospital. For many, just knowing that they live in a city with numerous general, emergency, and specialty care physicians is a benefit.

Many families and young people move to cities to further their education opportunities. Most cities have universities and community colleges where young adults gravitate and they may choose to move to the city permanently to facilitate their education and career. Families with children may seek education opportunities not available in rural areas. This includes general schooling and extracurricular activities like youth sports or science leagues, and exposure to cultural centers like museums and galleries.

Socialization also plays a factor for some people. If someone feels that there aren't enough opportunities for them to meet like-minded individuals, they may move to a city where they are more likely to find activities and socialization that meets their particular interests.

What quotation in the book 'The Chrysalids' by John Wyndham can be used to reinforce the idea of the book suggesting that humanity is not...

Early in the book, David discovers that Sophie has six toes.  During his narration of the encounter, he tells the reader that the commandments have been drilled into his head over and over again.  One of those commands is as follows:  

'Then God created woman, also, and in the same image, but with these differences, according to her nature: her voice should be of higher pitch than man's: she should grow no beard: she...

Early in the book, David discovers that Sophie has six toes.  During his narration of the encounter, he tells the reader that the commandments have been drilled into his head over and over again.  One of those commands is as follows:  

'Then God created woman, also, and in the same image, but with these differences, according to her nature: her voice should be of higher pitch than man's: she should grow no beard: she should have two breasts ...'

That quote by itself is meaningless in comparison to your question.  What makes that commandment important is David's response to it after seeing Sophie's toes.  The following is his response.  

I knew it all, word for word — and yet the sight of Sophie's six toes stirred nothing in my memory. I saw the foot resting in her mother's lap. Watched her mother pause to look down at it for a still moment, lift it, bend to kiss it gently, and then look up with tears in her eyes. I felt sorry for her distress, and for Sophie, and for the hurt foot — but nothing more.

According to Waknuk society and custom, David should be mortified by the sight of Sophie.  He should be sick to his stomach and be running to report the abomination that Sophie supposedly is, but he doesn't do that.  Not even close.  The commandment simply doesn't matter to David.  Instead David's response shows that he views Sophie as a completely normal human being. He doesn't see her as more or less capable than the next person.  He sees Sophie for who she is regardless of her appearance.  

A bit later, in chapter 6, the reader finds this quote:

But what worried them most — and worried the people they talked to when they got back — was to see how the things which are against God's laws of nature flourish there, just as if they had a right to.

The narration describes what the world is like out in the Badlands and the Fringes.  Waknuk society banishes and gets rid of anything that is genetically abnormal.  They claim that the genetic variation is no good for life, but the above quote clearly shows that thinking is flawed.  Things that are not supposed to be living well are doing just the opposite of that.  They are not only living, but flourishing.  That includes the Fringes people as well.  The Fringes are considered less than human by the Waknuk, but it's clear that the Fringes are quite capable humans despite their genetic variations.  

In "Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket" the events are told in chronological order, but on page 13, Tom and the reader are shocked to discover that...

Have you ever had a heart-racing moment of excitement when you're so hyper-aware that time seems to slow down? This is the phenomenon that Jack Finney is trying to reflect in "Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket." One of the reasons this story is often anthologized is because of its sequential nature (if you're a fast reader, it's almost like you're experiencing the events with Tom Benecke, the protagonist, in real time).

There are several stylistic features that Finney uses in his writing to make time crawl. One is an extreme level of specific detail. For example, when Tom's papers initially fly out the window, Finney writes,

"Turning, [Tom] saw a sheet of white paper drifting to the floor in a series of arcs, and another sheet, yellow, moving toward the window, caught in the dying current flowing through the narrow opening. As he watched, the paper struck to the bottom edge of the window and hung there for an instant, plastered against the glass and wood. Then as the moving air stilled completely, the curtains swinging back from the wall to hang free again, he saw the yellow sheet drop to the window ledge and slide over out of sight."

In this scene and throughout the entire story, Finney provides many sensory details to the reader, so that we can mentally put ourselves in Tom's shoes. Through the extensive description, we hear the noises of the city, see glimpses of the neighbors through their apartment windows, and read about Tom's inner monologue as he struggles to make it back inside his apartment without falling to his death. Just like in real-life, Tom's near-death experience causes him to be hyper-aware of his surroundings and situations.

One of the other methods that Finney uses to make time "slow down" within the prose is his careful detailing of cause and effect. Each decision and action that Tom makes causes a new set of complications. He opens the window (which sticks), and when his wife leaves (leaving him alone), the draft from the door blows his paper out the window (inciting event). Then, he decides to climb out onto the ledge to retrieve his paper. In doing so he looks down, which causes vertigo, and as he scrambles back to the window, he accidentally pulls the window (which sticks) shut when he slips, trapping him outside. This pattern of cause and effect continues until the climax of him breaking the window to get back inside. So much happens in such a short amount of time that the prose is almost longer than reality, but it seems that Finney's goal was to capture this sequence in real time so that readers could almost experience it live, as if they were Tom.

According to Lorraine, what is John like in Paul Zindel's The Pigman?

Lorraine's perspective of John is sweet and kind. She feels like he portrays himself worse that he really is. For example, John writes the first chapter and talks about him smoking, swearing, drinking, bombing bathrooms, and rolling fruit to scare substitute teachers. He basically shows his rebel side and Lorraine clarifies in chapter 2 that he isn't as bad as he portrays himself to be. She says that he gets away with all of the...

Lorraine's perspective of John is sweet and kind. She feels like he portrays himself worse that he really is. For example, John writes the first chapter and talks about him smoking, swearing, drinking, bombing bathrooms, and rolling fruit to scare substitute teachers. He basically shows his rebel side and Lorraine clarifies in chapter 2 that he isn't as bad as he portrays himself to be. She says that he gets away with all of the rebellious things he does because he's "extremely handsome" (7). When they first met on the bus, he seemed very odd to her, too, because he just laughed and laughed at nothing whatsoever, and he made her laugh, too. So, he's probably goofy as well. She also gives a more direct characterization of John in the following passage:

"He's six feet tall already, with sort of longish brown hair and blues eyes. He has these gigantic eyes that look right through you, especially if he's in the middle of one of his fantastic everyday lies" (8).

She even goes on to say that the source of the problem is his family. His dad used to give him alcohol to drink, which can never be a good message to send; but, his parents are older and don't seem to know how to bond with him in a loving way. Aside from that, however, John is compassionate and fun. He makes immature mistakes, but he honestly cares for people like Mr. Pignati and he likes to have fun. For example, he doesn't mind skating around the house, making fun of mall floorwalkers, and and throwing parties. 

One of the best descriptions of John that Lorraine makes is as follows:

"John has made an art out of it (making prevarications). He prevaricates just for prevaricating's sake. It's what they call a compensation syndrome. His own life is so boring when measured against his daydreams that he can't stand it, so he makes up things to pretend it's exciting" (27).

Basically, he's a liar; but that's a fun way to say it. Lorraine turns out to be John's proverbial Jiminy Cricket, though; so they even each other out in the end.

Describe the types of trade barriers governments often use to protect their local industries. Discuss the arguments for and against trade protection

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The best-known type of trade barrier is a tariff.  A tariff is a tax on imported goods that enter a country. When imports enter the country, they are taxed.  This raises their prices and makes them more expensive relative to domestic goods. Because domestic goods are now cheaper relative to the imports, people will buy more of the domestic goods and fewer of the imports.

A second type of trade barrier is a quota.  In this case, the government sets a limit on how many of a certain kind of good can enter their country.  For example, the US government could conceivably place a quota on cars from Japan, saying that only X number of such cars could be imported. This would mean that people would be forced to buy American (or at least non-Japanese) cars because there would not be as many Japanese cars as people might want.

The most drastic sort of a quota is an embargo.  An embargo is a total ban on trade with a certain country. Embargos are generally not used for economic purposes, though.  Countries usually do not place embargos on other countries to protect their own economies. Instead, they do so for political reasons.

Countries can also impose trade barriers that are more subtle. These are barriers that do not necessarily look like they are created to impede trade.  The most common of these is regulation of various aspects of the goods that people want to import.  For example, various countries have banned or limited American beef imports. They say they are doing this out of fear of mad cow disease.  This restricts trade, but it at least looks like it is being done for other reasons.

Another subtle trade barrier is a subsidy to a domestic company or industry. When governments subsidize companies in their own countries, they lower those companies’ costs and make them able to produce goods and services more cheaply.  This makes it harder for imports to compete and reduces trade. It does this even though it does not appear to be a trade barrier at first glance.

Thus, there are many types of trade barriers, ranging from obvious ones like embargos or tariffs to less obvious ones like safety regulations and subsidies.

In Thank You M'am, what is unusual about Mrs. Jones's behavior?

When beginning to read Thank You M'amby Langston Hughes, the reader has certain expectations after reading that Mrs. Jones " kicked him right square in his blue-jeaned sitter." The reader is soon aware that Mrs. Jones will not tolerate bad behavior for any reason and she sets high standards. Accordingly, having stopped the boy and picked up her own purse, Mrs. Jones may be expected to take him straight to the police station, and the...

When beginning to read Thank You M'am by Langston Hughes, the reader has certain expectations after reading that Mrs. Jones " kicked him right square in his blue-jeaned sitter." The reader is soon aware that Mrs. Jones will not tolerate bad behavior for any reason and she sets high standards. Accordingly, having stopped the boy and picked up her own purse, Mrs. Jones may be expected to take him straight to the police station, and the boy certainly fears just such a thing which is why he is so anxious to get away from her if possible. However, after the boy (Roger) tries to steal her purse, Mrs. Jones is more concerned about his dirty face and the fact that he looks hungry than her purse and his attempted theft.

Mrs. Jones's behavior reveals her social awareness and her propensity to consider Roger's position rather than her own. This is most unusual but Mrs. Jones's kindness does not stop at her ability to recognize Roger's vulnerability. She sets a fine example and even gives him the precious $10 he needs to buy the blue suede shoes he craves. It is particularly significant as Mrs. Jones is not a wealthy woman (as evidenced by her own circumstances) and parting with her hard-earned $10 will no doubt require sacrifice on her part. 

Mrs. Jones does not know Roger and she has no idea whether he will put her $10 to good use. She doesn't know whether he will learn his lesson but she hopes that her message is powerful enough to have a positive effect on the boy.  What is also unusual is that she makes no demands on Roger, expecting nothing in return for her kindness except to remind him to "behave."  

Why doesn't Reverend Sykes make Jem and Scout leave the courtroom in Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

Jem convinces Reverend Sykes that Scout doesn’t know what is going on at the trial.

Reverend Sykes sees Scout and Jem in the courtroom and notices that they do not have seats.  He tells them that there are no seats downstairs, and offers them seats upstairs in the balcony with the rest of the African-American population of Maycomb.

Reverend Sykes edged his way upstairs. In a few moments he was back. “There’s not a seat downstairs....

Jem convinces Reverend Sykes that Scout doesn’t know what is going on at the trial.

Reverend Sykes sees Scout and Jem in the courtroom and notices that they do not have seats.  He tells them that there are no seats downstairs, and offers them seats upstairs in the balcony with the rest of the African-American population of Maycomb.

Reverend Sykes edged his way upstairs. In a few moments he was back. “There’s not a seat downstairs. Do you all reckon it’ll be all right if you all came to the balcony with me?” (Ch. 17)

The trial is not necessarily the best place for children, especially an eight-year-old girl.  This is why Reverend Sykes thinks that Scout should leave.  

Reverend Sykes leaned across Dill and me, pulling at Jem’s elbow. “Mr. Jem,” he said, “you better take Miss Jean Louise home. Mr. Jem, you hear me?” (Ch. 17)

When Jem says Scout does not understand, Scout protests that she does know what is going on.  The reverend is worried about whether or not Atticus knows that Scout is there.  Jem says Atticus can’t see them from where they are seated in the balcony. 

Bob Ewell causes a stir with his crude language when he is testifying about the supposed rape, and Judge Taylor makes an announcement that women and children might want to leave.  His response is that people “generally see what they look for, and hear what they listen for, and they have the right to subject their children to it.”

It is actually Dill who gets upset, and not by the rape testimony.  He has to be taken out of the trial because he gets physically ill reacting to Mr. Gilmer's cross-examination of Tom Robinson and the racism he uses.  He can't stand to hear him speak to a grown man in such a patronizing manner.