What are three examples of appearance versus reality in Shakespeare's Othello?

Much of what drives the plot of William Shakespeare's Othello is Iago's duplicity. We discover at the opening of the play, in a conversation between Iago and Roderigo, that Iago hates Othello and Cassio because Othello gave Cassio the promotion that Iago felt he himself deserved. In conversations with Othello and Cassio, however, Iago pretends to be their friend. Thus the first conflict we have is between Iago's appearance of friendship and reality of hatred.

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Much of what drives the plot of William Shakespeare's Othello is Iago's duplicity. We discover at the opening of the play, in a conversation between Iago and Roderigo, that Iago hates Othello and Cassio because Othello gave Cassio the promotion that Iago felt he himself deserved. In conversations with Othello and Cassio, however, Iago pretends to be their friend. Thus the first conflict we have is between Iago's appearance of friendship and reality of hatred.

Next, Iago plots the murder of Cassio, manipulating Roderigo into doing the actual deed. Next, Iago murders Roderigo to ensure his silence. The major conflict between appearance and reality occurs when Iago manages to blame the murder he committed on Bianca, a prostitute who had been having an affair with Cassio.

The major conflicts between appearance and reality in the play are found in the stratagems Iago uses to convince Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio, especially Iago's hiding the handkerchief in Cassio's room so that it looks as if Desdemona left it there. Although Desdemona appears unfaithful in the eyes of Othello, the reality is that she is loyal, faithful, and in love with him. 

What principles did Chief Justice John Marshall set?

There were several principles established by the Marshall Court. One of these principles is the concept of judicial review. This means that the courts can rule on the constitutionality of actions by the legislative branch and the executive branch. This ruling came out of a court case called Marbury v Madison. In the case, Marbury sued because his judicial appointment wasn’t finalized before Jefferson became President. When he wasn’t allowed to become a judge,...

There were several principles established by the Marshall Court. One of these principles is the concept of judicial review. This means that the courts can rule on the constitutionality of actions by the legislative branch and the executive branch. This ruling came out of a court case called Marbury v Madison. In the case, Marbury sued because his judicial appointment wasn’t finalized before Jefferson became President. When he wasn’t allowed to become a judge, he sued. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the constitution is the supreme law of the land and that the courts have the power of judicial review.

Another principle established by John Marshall was that a loose view of the constitution is legal. In the case of McCulloch v Maryland, the state of Maryland tried to tax the federal bank. The Supreme Court ruled that a state couldn’t tax a federal institution. It also ruled that a loose view of the constitution is acceptable.

A third principle established by John Marshall came in the case of Gibbons v Ogden. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could regulate trade between the states, called interstate trade.

These are three very important principles established by the Marshall Court. They have had broad implications on American society and life.

What are the main points in the first four chapters of Michael P. Nichols' Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods?

Chapter one is an overview of how the helping professions began to perceive the need for dealing with the family system, rather than fixing individuals out of the context of the family. There is a discussion of, among others, Gregory Bateson's work, which is a foundational approach to understanding the roots of communication problems in human problems. There is also a discussion of Murray Bowen's work, wherein he took a child (the identified patient) out of the family, to his clinic, and "fixed" the child, and discovered that when the healthy child was returned to the family system, the symptoms returned. This was a time, in the late 1950s, when therapists began to examine the role of the family system in "creating" symptoms.

Also, the role of marriage therapy and small group dynamics in the evolution of family therapy is examined.

Chapter two walks the reader through a typical family's therapy, from the first meeting to the decision to end therapy. In the process, the reader examines, among other items, the following concepts: relationship of the presenting problem, as told by the clients, to the practitioner's theoretical approach; the "systemic context", meaning an analysis of the family system, what its equilibrium is and how that contributes to problems; the structure of the family, which was a primary approach the family therapy in the early years; family communication styles and how they contribute to problems; and various external issues like alcohol and drug abuse, marital infidelity, and abuse, and how they affect therapeutic outcomes.

Chapter three discusses the fundamental concepts of Family Therapy, as it has evolved over the years, including the role of cybernetic processes in families, and a breakdown of General Systems Theory, which is a skeleton of systems that was first applied to biological and other sciences, and later was applied to families. The discussion moves to Constructivism, which is about how people perceive reality, and why that affects family members. Then some specific higher level concepts, such as triangulation, complementarity and whether it is good or bad for family members, family structures including coalitions and opposing groups, resistance to change efforts, and the effects of gender and culture on families.

Chapters four through eleven examine the classic schools of family therapy, and chapter four starts with the Bowen family systems therapy approach.

Murray Bowen was a psychiatrist who extracted troubled children from their families, brought them to his hospital, and helped them with their problems. When they were healthy, he returned them to the family, but discovered that often as not, their symptoms returned. In the process of examining that phenomenon, he began to treat the family as a system. He focused on a few common problems he discovered in families: differentiation of self, emotional triangles, emotional processes that carried forward across generations, emotional cutoff of family members, the position of an individual among siblings, and society’s processing of family emotions. The chapter discusses normal family processes, how family systems “cause” behavior problems, the goals of his systems therapy, what conditions Bowen school sees as necessary for behavioral change, and how they assess families.

What is the main idea of the poem "We are Seven"?

The main idea of Wordsworth's poem "We are Seven" is that the dead still "count", even though they are no longer with us. In the poem, a man approaches an eight-year-old girl and asks her how many brothers and sisters she has. She answers that "we are seven" (meaning there are seven siblings total), and proceeds to explain that two of her siblings lie in the church yard. She further details how first her...

The main idea of Wordsworth's poem "We are Seven" is that the dead still "count", even though they are no longer with us. In the poem, a man approaches an eight-year-old girl and asks her how many brothers and sisters she has. She answers that "we are seven" (meaning there are seven siblings total), and proceeds to explain that two of her siblings lie in the church yard. She further details how first her sister, Jane, and then her brother, John, fell ill and were laid to rest in the church graveyard, not far from her home.

The man counters the girl, stating that, as only five siblings are still alive, her count should be at five. He contrasts the siblings whose souls "are in heaven" with the girl, who has limbs that "are alive". She counters with tales of how she still interacts with her dead siblings, visiting their graves often, singing, etc. In the end, as the poet asserts, the "little maid has her will", as she will not be convinced that she has any less than a family of seven.  This is one of those cases where children can be more knowing than adults, as most readers will find themselves siding with the girl.

What were the benefits of imperialism in terms of social-cultural factors, economic factors, and political factors?

Imperialism as conducted by the Great Powers of Europe was multidimensional. The economic dimension was the most obvious and easiest to quantify. It was also connected to mankind's historical drive to explore the unknown. Monarchies across Europe competed with each other by financing expeditions that "discovered" vast regions for colonization and exploitation. From the Roman Empire forward, European regimes sought to explore that which lay far beyond their frontiers and to claim as their own that which they were able to conquer. The benefits were both tangible and intangible. Through colonization, these regimes were able to exploit natural resources from gold to cinnamon as well as man-made goods like silk. At the same time, they were able to expand their power through their hold on territory and the exploitation of resources and slave labor while simultaneously building for themselves vast buffer zones that enhanced their sense of physical security from invading outsiders (such as they had been themselves).

With respect to mankind's drive to explore the unknown, many of history's greatest expeditions were launched at least in part out of an almost messianic fervor to explore. Ferdinand Magellan, among the most successful (until his untimely demise) explorers in European history, noted the following about this innate need to look beyond the known world:

“The sea is dangerous and its storms terrible, but these obstacles have never been sufficient reason to remain ashore... Unlike the mediocre, intrepid spirits seek victory over those things that seem impossible... It is with an iron will that they embark on the most daring of all endeavors... to meet the shadowy future without fear and conquer the unknown.”

So, right off the bat, we have both curiosity and economics as major drivers of imperialism. As competition among European monarchies for the spoils and prestige of overseas colonies heated up, an additional factor emerged. Imperialism, especially that emanating from Western Europe, had a geopolitical dimension that allowed for Marxist-Leninist interpretations of European actions with respect to the latter's colonies. Indeed, at the heart of Lenin's theories of imperialism was the notion that competition among capitalist societies for overseas markets and resources was the main cause of the war then ravaging Europe--in effect, World War I.

The sociocultural factors involved in imperialist policies were also of major relevance. In the development of European culture, Christianity assumed a messianic role that viewed colonization as a form of divine intervention. In other words, "enlightened" Europeans and Christian missionaries would civilize "primitive," "barbaric" peoples. This factor in the practice of imperialism should not be underestimated. As German scholar Benedikt Stuchtey wrote in Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950:

"Even the harshest critics of expansion policies – starting with Bartolomé de las Casas (1474–1566) to the Marxist-Leninist criticism of the 20th century – did not doubt the civilizing mission that justified colonial hegemony."

The notion of forcibly civilizing the uncivilized extended to the US policy of Manifest Destiny. Western expansion across North America certainly had geopolitical and economic dimensions, but there was also a religious or cultural dimension as well. It was considered America's god-given right to expand westward and to settle land as far and wide as possible.

The benefits of imperialism, in closing, were economic, political, and cultural/religious. The sense of destiny, the drive to explore, the desire for commodities, and the denial of the spoils of imperialism to other great powers were all a part of the equation.

What is Boo Radley's role in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Boo Radley functions as a sort of behind-the-scenes protector and caretaker for both Jem and Scout.  While they do not realize that he is performing this role through much of the book, Boo does everything from putting a blanket on Scout's shoulders as she watches Ms. Maudie's house fire to mending Jem's pants after he rips them on the fence.  It is only in the end, after Boo reveals that he is the one that...

Boo Radley functions as a sort of behind-the-scenes protector and caretaker for both Jem and Scout.  While they do not realize that he is performing this role through much of the book, Boo does everything from putting a blanket on Scout's shoulders as she watches Ms. Maudie's house fire to mending Jem's pants after he rips them on the fence.  It is only in the end, after Boo reveals that he is the one that saved the kids from Bob Ewell's attack, that Boo's prior actions are definitively attributed to him.

More globally, Boo serves as a reminder not to let societal ideas get in the way of one's judgment about someone.  After all, Boo is known by many to be a deranged individual, one who stabbed a family member with a pair of scissors without a second thought.  Yet, peeling back the preconceived notions, Boo appears as an entirely different person.  In a similar vein, if we can peel away preconceived prejudices on race, we see Tom Robinson as simply a man who felt bad for, and wanted to help, a lonely young woman.  

What are the names of all of Lyddie's family members in Lyddie?

Lyddie lives with her mother, brother, and two sisters because her father left them.

Lyddie is the adult in her family.  Her father left them on the farm and went west to seek his fortune, because he was unlucky at farming.  After her father left, her mother was not able to take care of them.  She was just too unstable, something that had started when Anges was born.  Lyddie, the oldest, had a brother a...

Lyddie lives with her mother, brother, and two sisters because her father left them.

Lyddie is the adult in her family.  Her father left them on the farm and went west to seek his fortune, because he was unlucky at farming.  After her father left, her mother was not able to take care of them.  She was just too unstable, something that had started when Anges was born.  Lyddie, the oldest, had a brother a few years younger named Charlie and two “baby” sisters.  Agnus was the youngest, followed by Rachel.

In the beginning of the book when Lyddie is describing the incident with the bear, she lists the ages of her youngest siblings.

No, Mama had never laughed, but Lyddie and Charles and the babies had laughed until their bellies ached. Lyddie still thought of them as the babies. She probably always would. Agnes had been four and Rachel six that November of 1843‐the year of the bear. (Ch. 1)

Lyddie was thirteen and her brother ten when they first went off to work.  Lyddie had to go to work at a tavern, and Charles at a mill, in order to pay off the family’s debts.  Since she does not last long at the tavern, Lyddie loses track of what is happening to her family.  She gets a factory job and tries to make some money, but she worries about her mother and sisters because they are staying with her aunt and uncle, who are not nice people. 

She hadn't seen her mother for two years.  She had no way of knowing what her true needs were. And surely, as mean as Judah was and as crazy as Clarissa might be, they would not let their own sister or her child go hungry. (Ch. 13)

Lyddie’s uncle drops Rachel off, even though she is too young to work at the factory or live at Lyddie’s boarding house.  She finds out her mother has been sent to an insane asylum by her aunt and uncle so they could sell her family farm.  

Lyddie tries to come up with a way to help her little sister.  She is not supposed to stay at the boarding house because it's for workers.  Rachel wants to be a doffer, but Lyddie wants her to go to school.  She regrets never having gone to school herself.