Sunday, November 30, 2014

Who or what is to blame for the tragedy that is Nnaemeka's life?

First off, I believe the premise of your question is wrong. Nowhere in the text of Chinua Achebe's short story "Marriage is a Private Affair" does it say that Nnaemeka's life was a tragedy. In fact, Achebe comments at one point in the story that word had gotten back to the village where Nnaemeka's father lives that the son and his wife were very happy.


The tragedy is in the cultural and generational gap in...

First off, I believe the premise of your question is wrong. Nowhere in the text of Chinua Achebe's short story "Marriage is a Private Affair" does it say that Nnaemeka's life was a tragedy. In fact, Achebe comments at one point in the story that word had gotten back to the village where Nnaemeka's father lives that the son and his wife were very happy.


The tragedy is in the cultural and generational gap in the story that keeps Nnaemeka's father from seeing his son for eight years. The father basically disowns him over the son's marriage to a girl from a different ethnic group. Nnaemeka is Ibo and his wife, Nene, is Ibibio. Because they live in the large city of Lagos the marriage is accepted. In Nnaemeka's small village, however, the marriage is widely condemned by the villagers. In fact, the marriage is a major topic of conversation among the men of the Ibo village, making the title of the story quite ironic.


In the end, the reader is even led to believe that the hard hearted father may one day see his son again after receiving a letter from the wife which reveals the couple have two sons who would very much like to see their grandfather. So, in fact, the story may not be a tragedy at all. Instead, it may be a hopeful precursor to a more enlightened attitude among the Nigerian people.


How does Lady Macbeth respond to Macbeth's state of mind in Act 3 Scene 4?

Macbeth's state of mind is revealed by the fact that he continuously sees the newly-murdered Banquo's ghost at the banquet he is hosting (which Banquo was riding to attend when Macbeth had him murdered). He begins speaking to the apparition in front of his thanes, which concerns Lady Macbeth. She assures him that the vision is, like the one of the dagger he saw before killing Duncan, nothing but fear acting on his brain, and...

Macbeth's state of mind is revealed by the fact that he continuously sees the newly-murdered Banquo's ghost at the banquet he is hosting (which Banquo was riding to attend when Macbeth had him murdered). He begins speaking to the apparition in front of his thanes, which concerns Lady Macbeth. She assures him that the vision is, like the one of the dagger he saw before killing Duncan, nothing but fear acting on his brain, and she chastises him for feeling this way. He is, according to Lady Macbeth, "quite unmann'd" by the vision. It becomes clear that Macbeth is consumed by guilt for his actions, and Lady Macbeth, in addition to trying to fortify his spirit (as she has done since Act I) also tries to downplay his visions and keep up appearances with his dinner guests. Eventually she dismisses them, saying her husband is overcome by some sort of malady that causes him to see things. This scene is a sort of turning point in Macbeth. After the banquet, it will be Lady Macbeth that is overcome with visions, a symptom of her own guilt, and her husband that has become a murderous, pitiless monster. But in this scene, she responds to Macbeth's guilt as she has throughout--by attempting to strengthen him by challenging his masculinity.

In The Giver Asher gets a job called Assistant Director of Recreation. What does that job mean?

Asher’s assignment means that he is training to take over the department in charge of games.

Asher is Jonas’s best friend.  Before the Ceremony of Twelve, Jonas is worried that his friend will not be able to get a good assignment because he is more playful than serious.



"I worry a little about Asher's Assignment," Jonas confessed.  "Asher's such fun. But he doesn't really have any serious interests. He makes a game out of everything." (Ch, 2)



Assignments are handed out based on a child’s predispositions and interests.  The children are watched carefully in the years before they turn twelve.  The committee uses these observations to determine what profession would best suit the children, since no one actually chooses their own job.


The Recreation Director is in charge of playtime for the community’s children.  Children only play until the age of twelve, but they take part in organized games designed by the Recreation Director.  Asher is given the assignment of Assistant Director of recreation because he is playful.  The Chief Elder describes the qualities that make Asher ideal for the job.



His corrections and apologies are very prompt. And his good humor is unfailing." The audience murmured in agreement. Asher's cheerful disposition was well-known throughout the community. (Ch. 7)



When Jonas begins his own training, he learns many things about his community that no one else knows. One of the things he learns is the real nature of war.  Jonas tries to explain to Asher that they should not play war games.  Asher is irritated at what he sees as Jonas’s meddling.



"I'm the one who's training for Assistant Recreation Director," Asher pointed out angrily. "Games aren't your area of expertness." (Ch. 17)



Asher insists that Jonas cannot say what they play, because that is his job as the Assistant Recreation Director. Asher is training for the position of being in charge of all of games, not Jonas.  He does not understand what Jonas is talking about or why he would interfere, because no one else in the community knows any history.  War is nothing but a game to Asher.

In Warriors Don't Cry by Melba Pattillo Beals, how do things change at Central High once the soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division are...

Once the soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division are stationed at Central High, Melba and her friends find their tormentors no longer have the power to physically assault them with impunity. The soldiers make it possible for Melba and the members of the Little Rock Nine to attend classes. They keep the mob from harassing and physically attacking Melba and her friends.

In Chapter Eight, soldiers keep the mob back as Melba and her friends make their way to the entrance of Central High. They stand guard until the small group enters the building. Once inside the building, each member of the Little Rock Nine is assigned a soldier for his or her protection. A soldier then accompanies each student to class and waits outside the classroom for the student to finish the period. Melba and her friends are escorted everywhere, from gym class to the cafeteria.


Even though they are heckled by some white students, the atmosphere is different from the one in Chapter Seven. Before the 101st Airborne Division was at her school, Melba and her friends were physically attacked and cruelly taunted; they had no recourse to air their grievances. The thousand-strong mob in Chapter Seven even threatened the nine students' lives when they tried to attend classes.


Now, with the 101st Airborne Division in attendance, the mob has to think twice about attacking Melba and her friends. When another student slams Melba's books from her hands, soldiers close ranks around her to protect her. With more soldiers standing guard against the walls, Melba feels a little safer.


Because of the heavy security detail, white students who previously felt free to attack Melba and her friends soon resort to emotional attacks instead. They heckle and taunt the Little Rock Nine. In Chapter Nine, however, we discover the soldiers can only do so much for Melba and her friends. When Melba is kicked in the shins and stomach, Danny, the soldier assigned to Melba, tells her he can only keep her alive; he's not allowed to engage the white students in physical or verbal altercations. Despite the limitations imposed upon the soldiers, Melba realizes the presence of the soldiers make it possible for the Little Rock Nine to go to Central High, a school they previously could not attend.

Saturday, November 29, 2014

What is the physical appearance of Arthur Dent?

This question is a bit tougher than its simplicity would lead somebody to think.  The reason for that is because The Hitchkiker's Guide to the Galaxy does not give the reader a lot of details as to what exactly Arthur Dent looks like.  The opening chapter gives some clues, but beyond that, the reader has to imagine what the rest of his appearance would look like.  The best the text does is the following:


He was about thirty as well, dark haired and never quite at ease with himself. The thing that used to worry him most was the fact that people always used to ask him what he was looking so worried about.



That isn't much detail.  He's fairly young at 30, despite what my students tell me.  Dark hair.  Nothing about how long the hair is or eye color or height or anything.  I would imagine Dent has some early aging lines on is face and that is why people assume that he is worried looking most of the time.  


The movie version shows Dent in his bathrobe and slippers the entire time.  I'm good with that, because the text does say that he put on his slippers that first morning.  I can't imagine that he would wear slippers and slacks.  The other reason I like the bathrobe and pajamas look is because the text mentions that Dent thinks he must be hung over.  



Passing the bathroom he stopped to drink a large glass of water, and another. He began to suspect that he was hung over. Why was he hung over? Had he been drinking the night before? He supposed that he must have been.



If he feels like he is hung over, I guarantee he isn't going to feel like putting on anything other than what he woke up in.  I suspect that in addition to the pajamas, bathrobe, slipper, and lined face, Dent has a nice five o'clock shadow beginning.  That's just what I picture him looking like since he's waking up groggy and thinking that he is hung over.  

How does Huck feel about the killing of Boggs in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

Huck has seen plenty of death in a few short chapters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.  In Chapter 18, he sees his friend Buck die in the bloody shoot out during the family feud between the Shepardsons and the Grangerfords, and just a few short chapters later, he sees the unnecessary killing of Boggs in Chapter 21. Both deaths were on account of pride and honor, something Twain feels isn’t reason enough to kill...

Huck has seen plenty of death in a few short chapters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.  In Chapter 18, he sees his friend Buck die in the bloody shoot out during the family feud between the Shepardsons and the Grangerfords, and just a few short chapters later, he sees the unnecessary killing of Boggs in Chapter 21. Both deaths were on account of pride and honor, something Twain feels isn’t reason enough to kill someone. Through Huck and these two episodes, Twain shares this message. 


In many ways, Huck might also see his own father, Pap, in Boggs.  Like Pap, Boggs is the town drunk, and for some reason, Boggs has gotten on the bad side of the rich and powerful, Colonel Sherburn.  When Boggs insults Sherburn, the Colonel tells him to get out of town, or he will shoot him.  Boggs doesn’t heed the warning although he is starting to sober up and is attempting to get out of town when Sherburn steps out and shoots him in cold blood.


Just like Buck, Boggs is harmless and didn’t deserve to die because of a person’s misguided pride and honor.  These two episodes affect Huck’s understanding of the cruel, inhumane world in which he lives.  Throughout the novel, Huck must deal with violence and cruelty in not only the treatment of the slave, Jim, but also with the needless deaths he witnesses.

Friday, November 28, 2014

In what ways were the demands of the health insurance lobby in opposition to the health care reforms candidate Obama proposed during the 2008...

Before the Affordable Care Act, health insurance companies operated in a state of monopolistic competition, in which competition over prices and services was constrained by the fact that it is difficult for people to change their insurance provider. Since most health insurance was (and still is) provided through employers, many people can't really change their insurance without changing their jobs. As a result, their health insurance company has a quasi-monopoly, and like any monopoly can...

Before the Affordable Care Act, health insurance companies operated in a state of monopolistic competition, in which competition over prices and services was constrained by the fact that it is difficult for people to change their insurance provider. Since most health insurance was (and still is) provided through employers, many people can't really change their insurance without changing their jobs. As a result, their health insurance company has a quasi-monopoly, and like any monopoly can charge higher prices, provide worse services, and above all reap higher profits.

The healthcare reforms proposed by Obama which eventually culminated in the Affordable Care Act were designed to increase competition in the health insurance market, by creating exchanges where people could easily compare and choose different insurance providers, and originally even by offering a "public option" in which people could purchase healthcare coverage from the government if they so desired. Obama also argued for mandatory coverage of pre-existing conditions, which required instituting tax penalties for not having insurance (otherwise people would simply wait to buy insurance until they needed it---and that basically defeats the purpose of insurance).

This was fiercely opposed by the health insurance lobby, because they knew that this increased competition---and especially the option of escaping for-profit insurance entirely---would force them to lower prices and improve services, and thus reduce their profits. They were all in favor of the individual mandate, but opposed the language on pre-existing conditions (even though that was the only reason the individual mandate was included in the first place).

The insurance lobby was unable to stop the Affordable Care Act entirely, but they did manage to weaken it substantially. The public option was dropped, the exchanges were limited (and managed by the states, many of them with Republican governors and legislatures hostile to the whole reform project), and the expensive and inefficient Medicare Advantage system was expanded and protected instead of being removed as it should have been. Fortunately, the inclusion of people with pre-existing conditions was retained, and that itself is a major victory for healthcare reform.

Apparently the insurance lobby succeeded in getting enough of what they wanted that they are now lobbying to retain the Affordable Care Act instead of continuing to reform toward something better. Also, their profits are higher than ever.

What are some examples of satire in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a brilliant satirical piece, and there are many ways in which Twain lampoons his targets. One of the best examples of satire in the novel occurs toward the end, when Tom Sawyer hatches a ridiculously elaborate plan to free Jim. 


While Huck wants to free Jim from his prison on the Phelps' property using the easiest and most efficient method, Tom concocts a needlessly elaborate scheme. Rather...

Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a brilliant satirical piece, and there are many ways in which Twain lampoons his targets. One of the best examples of satire in the novel occurs toward the end, when Tom Sawyer hatches a ridiculously elaborate plan to free Jim. 


While Huck wants to free Jim from his prison on the Phelps' property using the easiest and most efficient method, Tom concocts a needlessly elaborate scheme. Rather than simply freeing Jim by means of a poorly blocked window in his prison, Tom proposes that he and Huck dig Jim out (229), saying that this scheme is better because it's more complicated. Additionally, Tom refuses to use picks and shovels to dig out Jim, but rather insists on using much less effective case knives (237). Finally, after doing many more foolish things, Tom insists on actually writing letters to the Phelps advising them that an escape is imminent, as he believes that doing so will heighten the excitement of the escape (261-2).


Tom follows this absurd plan in order to emulate the romantic adventure novels he is infatuated with. For instance, when Huck asks him why he wants to use case knives, Tom insists "it's the regular way. And there ain't no other way, that ever I heard of, and I've read all the books that gives any information about these things" (237). Here, and later on in the passage, Tom alludes to reading and drawing inspiration from historical romances and adventure novels, and so he bases his plan on an absurd, irrational, and fictional portrayal of chivalric adventures. By presenting the themes in historical romances as the games of mere boys, Twain brilliantly satirizes them.  

In "A Jury of Her Peers," what significance do you see in the womens' names?

The names of the women in "A Jury of Her Peers" give insight into how Susan Glaspell wants readers to view them. Martha Hale, the neighbor to the suspected murderer, seems to be a "hale and hearty" type of woman, straightforward and capable. "Martha" is a strong name, perhaps bringing to mind "Martha Washington," our country's first first lady. Mrs. Peters, on the other hand, tends toward weakness, as if she is about to "peter...

The names of the women in "A Jury of Her Peers" give insight into how Susan Glaspell wants readers to view them. Martha Hale, the neighbor to the suspected murderer, seems to be a "hale and hearty" type of woman, straightforward and capable. "Martha" is a strong name, perhaps bringing to mind "Martha Washington," our country's first first lady. Mrs. Peters, on the other hand, tends toward weakness, as if she is about to "peter out." Unlike Martha, Mrs. Peters does not receive a first name, but is only called Mrs. Peters or "the sheriff's wife." Mr. Peters even says of her, "she's one of us," implying that she does not have her own identity as a woman. We can see it is harder for her to make a decision to protect Mrs. Wright than it is for Mrs. Hale.


Mrs. Wright's names are also revealing. First, she is "Wright," suggesting that the murder she probably committed was not as wrong as it might appear at first glance. Also, the issue of her "rights" is an important theme of the story. When she married Mr. Wright, she subjugated her own rights to his, and as a woman, she did not merit the same "rights" that men did at that time, namely, the right to a "jury of her peers." (Women did not serve on juries at that time, so a trial for Mrs. Wright would not have been completely just under that standard.) Her first name was "Minnie," again indicating that she was a lesser creature, a "mini" person, not entitled to full human rights. Her maiden name was Foster. When she was single, she sang in the choir and had a voice of her own, so evidently her parents had "fostered" her individuality to some degree. But when she married, that became a thing of the past. When she tried to regain her individuality by "fostering" the canary, Mr. Wright again usurped his authority over her--breaking the canary's neck and silencing it as he had squelched Minnie's individuality. 


We can see that the names of Martha Hale, Mrs. Peters, and Minnie Foster Wright all give us meaningful insights into these characters.

Wednesday, November 26, 2014

A teacher pulled a child's attached backpack to guide the child on the bus. The child told her parents, the parents accused the teacher of choking...

Unless there is something much more going on than you have described in the scenario, there are no grounds for criminal charges against the teacher.  However, the details of the incident would be very important in determining whether the teacher could possibly be charged.


The most likely charge in this scenario would be assault and battery. Assault occurs when one person’s actions make another person fear that they will be harmed.  Battery occurs when the...

Unless there is something much more going on than you have described in the scenario, there are no grounds for criminal charges against the teacher.  However, the details of the incident would be very important in determining whether the teacher could possibly be charged.


The most likely charge in this scenario would be assault and battery. Assault occurs when one person’s actions make another person fear that they will be harmed.  Battery occurs when the person actually acts in a way that might harm the other person.  The student could claim that she was afraid that she would be choked by the teacher’s actions.  That would be assault. She could claim that she actually was choked, which would be battery.


Even though these charges are theoretically possible, I would say that they are very unlikely in this scenario.  First of all, a backpack’s straps do not go around a person’s neck so it is unlikely that the teacher could have choked the student by grabbing her backpack straps. Secondly, courts have generally given educators a great deal of leeway in their actions. Courts have felt that it is important to let educators do what they have to in order to maintain order so long as they are not acting maliciously or brutally.  It is unlikely that a court would find that the teacher was maliciously trying to choke the child by grabbing her backpack.  It is unlikely that the court would find that grabbing a backpack is a brutal or excessive way of trying to guide a student’s movements. For these reasons, I doubt that the teacher would be subject to criminal charges for his or her actions.

How does Charles Dickens make a statement about the social conditions of Victorian England in A Christmas Carol?

Throughout A Christmas Carol, Dickens shows examples of poverty in England.  Below are three examples from the story.


On Christmas Eve Day, two gentlemen enter Scrooge's counting house to ask for donations for the poor.  Scrooge regards their request with disgust and disinterest.  Scrooge asks them if there are still prisons and workhouses.  One of the men replies that yes, those places are still there.  He explains that  "many would rather die" than go...

Throughout A Christmas Carol, Dickens shows examples of poverty in England.  Below are three examples from the story.


On Christmas Eve Day, two gentlemen enter Scrooge's counting house to ask for donations for the poor.  Scrooge regards their request with disgust and disinterest.  Scrooge asks them if there are still prisons and workhouses.  One of the men replies that yes, those places are still there.  He explains that  "many would rather die" than go to those places.  Scrooge replies that "'if they would rather die,... they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.'"  In Victorian England, the poorest of the poor often had to live in debtor's prisons or workhouses.  The conditions in those places were often terrible.  


Dickens shows the conditions of the working poor with Bob Cratchit and his family.  He and his family live in a simple home.  Bob is paid only fifteen shillings per week for all his work and has to support a wife and family of six children.  His eldest daughter, Martha, also has a job to help support the family.  Bob himself is described as wearing "threadbare clothes."  


Later, the Ghost of Christmas Present opens his robes to show Scrooge two children.  These skinny, ragged children represent Want and Ignorance.  The boy and girl are "yellow, meagre, ragged, scowling, [and] wolfish."  They represent the poverty that surrounds Scrooge, which he ignores.


`int arctan(4t) dt` Evaluate the integral

`intarctan(4t)dt`


If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions, then


`intf(x)g'(x)dx=f(x)g(x)-intf'(x)g(x)dx`


If we write f(x)=u and g'(x)=v, then


`intuvdx=uintvdx-int(u'intvdx)dx`


Using the above integration by parts method,


`intarctan(4t)dt=arctan(4t)*int1dt-int(d/dt(arctan(4t)int1dt)dt`


`=arctan(4t)*t-int(4/((4t)^2+1)*t)dt`


`=tarctan(4t)-4intt/(16t^2+1)dt`


Now let's evaluate `intt/(16t^2+1)dt`  by using the method of substitution,


Substitute `x=16t^2+1,=>dx=32tdt`


`intt/(16t^2+1)dt=intdx/(32x)`


`=1/32ln|x|`


substitute back `x=16t^2+1`


`=1/32ln|16t^2+1|`


`intarctan(4t)=t*arctan(4t)-4/32ln|16t^2+1|+C`


`intarctan(4t)=t*arctan(4t)-1/8ln|16t^2+1|+C`


C is a constant.

`intarctan(4t)dt`


If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions, then


`intf(x)g'(x)dx=f(x)g(x)-intf'(x)g(x)dx`


If we write f(x)=u and g'(x)=v, then


`intuvdx=uintvdx-int(u'intvdx)dx`


Using the above integration by parts method,


`intarctan(4t)dt=arctan(4t)*int1dt-int(d/dt(arctan(4t)int1dt)dt`


`=arctan(4t)*t-int(4/((4t)^2+1)*t)dt`


`=tarctan(4t)-4intt/(16t^2+1)dt`


Now let's evaluate `intt/(16t^2+1)dt`  by using the method of substitution,


Substitute `x=16t^2+1,=>dx=32tdt`


`intt/(16t^2+1)dt=intdx/(32x)`


`=1/32ln|x|`


substitute back `x=16t^2+1`


`=1/32ln|16t^2+1|`


`intarctan(4t)=t*arctan(4t)-4/32ln|16t^2+1|+C`


`intarctan(4t)=t*arctan(4t)-1/8ln|16t^2+1|+C`


C is a constant.

Does time exist, or has quantum theory disproved its existence?

According to Hermann Minkowski, Albert Einstein’s mathematics teacher, space and time make up the same reality. In this regard, he also stated that independently, both space and time would fade into obscurity. This led to the idea that reality exists in both space and time together, with space providing the three dimensions of height, width and depth while time contributes the fourth dimension. Thus, time cannot exist independently but exists as the Space-time continuum.


Experiments...

According to Hermann Minkowski, Albert Einstein’s mathematics teacher, space and time make up the same reality. In this regard, he also stated that independently, both space and time would fade into obscurity. This led to the idea that reality exists in both space and time together, with space providing the three dimensions of height, width and depth while time contributes the fourth dimension. Thus, time cannot exist independently but exists as the Space-time continuum.


Experiments have been performed to further explain this theory and to confirm the non-existence of time or, at least, disapprove how we currently understand it. The double slit experiment showed an individual bit of matter such as a photon passing through both slots at the same time, passing individually through both slits and not passing in any of the slots, exhibiting an “interference pattern.” A similar experiment based on the double slit experiment and known as the delayed choice experiment further disapproved the existence of time as we know it. It confirmed that the definition of time affects the movement of bits of matter from one place to the other.


For instance, an electron shot towards a larger rounded piece of matter would move through two different paths (left or right/ up or down) at the same time. This phenomenon is thus determined by the observer who would make a choice of which path the electron followed based on the definition and interpretation of time. However, the electron moved similarly to the double slit experiment.

Tuesday, November 25, 2014

What is the theme of Seamus Heaney's poem "Blackberry-Picking," and what poetic devices contribute to the theme?

At first blush, Seamus Heaney's "Blackberry-Picking" seems straightforward. As the title suggests, the poem is a nostalgic remembrance of the subject's youth, which he spent as a boy picking blackberries in the late summer. The poem chronicles the impatience with which he and his friends waited for the fruit to ripen, the greed with which they collected the ripened berries in makeshift containers, and the sadness they felt when much of what they harvested rotted...

At first blush, Seamus Heaney's "Blackberry-Picking" seems straightforward. As the title suggests, the poem is a nostalgic remembrance of the subject's youth, which he spent as a boy picking blackberries in the late summer. The poem chronicles the impatience with which he and his friends waited for the fruit to ripen, the greed with which they collected the ripened berries in makeshift containers, and the sadness they felt when much of what they harvested rotted before they could enjoy it.


Delving deeper, there is much more going on with this poem. Some critics have interpreted the poem to be about youth -- about how those who are young take time to "ripen" and to "grow" in experience, but that once they have, that youthful period is fleeting. Others have asserted that the theme is more about the impermanence of all of life. In that interpretation, all things come to an end, so it is best not to try to hold on to an experience (as the boy tries to hoard the berries), but rather to live in, and fully experience, the present moment before it passes.


Whether the theme of passing youth or of general impermanence resonates with you, Heaney uses several poetic devices to get his point across. His use of the metaphor of "summer's blood" for the blackberry juice and the accompanying bloodlust mentioned in the next line (lines 6-7) suggest something primal in the search for the blackberries, something that fulfilled a deep human need. Likewise, Heaney's careful use of action verbs like "scratched" and "bleached" (line 10) communicates the feeling that other elements in nature worked to prevent the boys from accessing the blackberries. The alliteration (repetition of an initial consonant sound) in line 21 serves to draw the reader's attention to the line: "The fruit fermented, the sweet flesh would turn sour." This is important, as it is here that the lovely image of the blackberries changes to one of rotting fruit. In addition, Heaney's juxtaposition of "lovely canfuls" and "rot" (line 23) further drives home the transformation of the berries that has taken place over the course of the poem. Finally, while the poem has followed somewhat of a rhyme scheme, the last two lines not only rhyme, but also have strong-sounding endings. The author no doubt crafted the strong ending purposely to leave this final thought in the mind of the reader: although he always wanted the berries to last longer, in the end, they did not. No amount of his effort could make the berries live longer. By that final line of the poem, we realize that there is far more going on in this poem than a simple berry-picking session.

Monday, November 24, 2014

When, by whom, and for what purpose was America's first college revived?

The operation of William and Mary was disrupted during the Civil War. With the number of young men committing to fight in the War, the campus was not able to continue operation. In closed in 1861 and was not able to resume operations for the duration of the conflict. The university functioned as a command center for the Confederacy and the Union at different points in the war. Under Union occupation, some of the historic...

The operation of William and Mary was disrupted during the Civil War. With the number of young men committing to fight in the War, the campus was not able to continue operation. In closed in 1861 and was not able to resume operations for the duration of the conflict. The university functioned as a command center for the Confederacy and the Union at different points in the war. Under Union occupation, some of the historic buildings were burned and the campus was used as a headquarters. The college was reopened by Benjamin Ewell using his own money in 1869. It closed shortly afterward but was reopened in 1888 by the Commonwealth of Virginia. It was opened as a training center for teachers. It should also be noted that John D. Rockefeller donated large sums of money to repair the campus. Rockefeller was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at William and Mary.

What is one quote from The Devil's Arithmetic that tells us why we should remember history?

"Hannah nodded and took her aunt's fingers from her lips. She said, in a voice much louder than she had intended, so loud that the entire table hushed at its sound, 'I remember. Oh, I remember.'"--Hannah


This is a very good question because one of the central themes of the book is memory and its relationship to cultural heritage and history. It was not difficult to find a quote that answers this issue because the...


"Hannah nodded and took her aunt's fingers from her lips. She said, in a voice much louder than she had intended, so loud that the entire table hushed at its sound, 'I remember. Oh, I remember.'"--Hannah



This is a very good question because one of the central themes of the book is memory and its relationship to cultural heritage and history. It was not difficult to find a quote that answers this issue because the book's purpose is to have the reader reflect on the importance of remembering the past. Hannah, as an adolescent in modern times, is dismissive of the Jewish traditions. She does not see the relevance in learning about the heritage of her people. When she is made to experience the Holocaust, her feelings about learning from the past are changed.


The quote mentioned above comes at the end of the story. With the quote, the novel's central theme comes full circle. Hannah promises Aunt Eva that she will always remember the pain and misery that her ancestors experienced. By sharing the experiences of Jews during the Holocaust, she can pass this history down to future generations so their suffering is not forgotten.

Is life possible on other planets?

Life maybe possible on other planets, provided some conditions are met. First of all, we have to understand that life could be very different from what we observe on Earth. Other planets may have a different atmosphere and gaseous composition. The planet may or may not have the type of relationship we have with our star (the Sun), in terms of seasonal cycle and solar radiation. The planet may also have more extreme or uniform...

Life maybe possible on other planets, provided some conditions are met. First of all, we have to understand that life could be very different from what we observe on Earth. Other planets may have a different atmosphere and gaseous composition. The planet may or may not have the type of relationship we have with our star (the Sun), in terms of seasonal cycle and solar radiation. The planet may also have more extreme or uniform weather. Under such conditions, life may exist, but could be totally different than Earth's life forms. Unlike the planet is very Earth like, life could be dependent on similar or different sources of food and life processes (such as photosynthesis, cellular respiration, etc.) could be different. There is certainly a possibility of existence of life on other planets, however, they may be so distant, that we will not be able to find them anytime soon. 


Hope this helps. 

How were Lincoln and Johnson's views on slavery and Reconstruction similar? How were they different? What might have happened differently if...

President Lincoln and President Johnson addressed the slavery question in their plans for Reconstruction. They also had views on slavery.


President Lincoln was against slavery. He believed it was morally wrong. He also was pragmatic and knew he couldn’t end slavery when he got elected because that would lead to the secession of more southern states. He had said he would maintain slavery where it already existed if it would keep the country unified. However,...

President Lincoln and President Johnson addressed the slavery question in their plans for Reconstruction. They also had views on slavery.


President Lincoln was against slavery. He believed it was morally wrong. He also was pragmatic and knew he couldn’t end slavery when he got elected because that would lead to the secession of more southern states. He had said he would maintain slavery where it already existed if it would keep the country unified. However, he certainly didn’t want slavery to spread. In his Reconstruction plan, President Lincoln required states to ban slavery. However, he only encouraged the southern states to give the former slaves the right to vote.


President Johnson owned a few slaves, unlike President Lincoln. However, he never supported the call for secession from the Union. Lincoln chose him as his running mate because Lincoln wanted to get support in the South. President Johnson didn’t think highly of African Americans. While his Reconstruction plan called for ratification of the 13th amendment, he didn’t provide many rights for the former slaves. He preferred to let the state governments handle this issue. He also pardoned many white southerners, and under his plan, many of the former Confederate leaders would have gone back to serve in Congress. There was no mention of voting rights for the former slaves in President Johnson’s plan.


It is hard to speculate what would have happened if President Lincoln would have not been killed. President Lincoln was a skillful leader, and it is fair to assume he would have avoided the conflict with Congress that President Johnson faced. Thus, Reconstruction probably would have had a softer tone to it, and may not have been as divisive, if Abraham Lincoln would have been able to complete his second term in office. It is very likely there would have been no attempt to impeach President Lincoln, as he would have been able to work with Congress to reach a plan that would have satisfied his needs and the needs of Congress.

Sunday, November 23, 2014

What is the message of the poem "The White Man's Burden"?

The message of the poem "The White Man's Burden" can be understood in part by looking at its historical context. Its author, Rudyard Kipling, was British, and had spent much of his life in British colonies. The poem was written in the immediate aftermath of the Spanish-American War, when a major debate was raging in the United States over the question of American annexation of the Philippines. The island nation, long a Spanish colony, had...

The message of the poem "The White Man's Burden" can be understood in part by looking at its historical context. Its author, Rudyard Kipling, was British, and had spent much of his life in British colonies. The poem was written in the immediate aftermath of the Spanish-American War, when a major debate was raging in the United States over the question of American annexation of the Philippines. The island nation, long a Spanish colony, had been taken from Spain as a result of the war. Some Americans argued for granting independence to the Philippines, others that the United States should make the Philippines an American territory. Kipling's poem was published in an American magazine, and it argued that the United States, as a nation of people allegedly superior in technology, culture, and political systems, should take up the "burden" of spreading these blessings to supposedly primitive people in the Philippines. Kipling does not think that the people of this nation, who he views condescendingly as "half devil and half child" will appreciate this sacrifice, and they will indeed hate and resist the Americans. Hence his use of the term "burden". But he claims that taking up this responsibility is one of the things that makes a great nation great. Kipling's poem does not consider that the the native people in question might have been capable of deciding what their future should be, and is often synonymous with the racism that underlay imperialism.

Discuss Mansfield Park as a social document

Mansfield Parkhas become famous in recent decades as a critique of slavery. Part of the plot hinges on Sir Thomas's journey to Antigua to personally visit his plantation, a plantation run by slave labor. When he returns, apparently altered by the experience, Fanny wants, but fears, to question him about slavery. Similarly, through an offhand, throwaway comment, Maria Bertram airily dismisses the disgraceful hovels on her fiance Rushworth's grand Sotherton estate. These hovels are...

Mansfield Park has become famous in recent decades as a critique of slavery. Part of the plot hinges on Sir Thomas's journey to Antigua to personally visit his plantation, a plantation run by slave labor. When he returns, apparently altered by the experience, Fanny wants, but fears, to question him about slavery. Similarly, through an offhand, throwaway comment, Maria Bertram airily dismisses the disgraceful hovels on her fiance Rushworth's grand Sotherton estate. These hovels are passed by quickly--but Austen includes them for the astute reader to see. They stand as a critique of a system in which landlords spent vast sums on picturesque landscaping (something that becomes a subject of conversation around dinner tables in Mansfield Park) but won't spend the least amount so that their tenants can have decent dwellings.


 Fanny herself is treated as a virtual slave by Lady Bertram and her sister Mrs. Norris. Mrs. Norris, especially, runs her around mercilessly. In one scene, Fanny is forced to cut roses in the hot sun, while Lady Bertram and Mrs. Norris sit in the shade because the heat is uncomfortable even for people who are doing nothing. Fanny ends up with a "sick headache" and Edmund is furious, although unable to get his mother to conjure the most basic understanding that if she was suffering in the shade, asking somebody else to toil in the hot sun was perhaps a cruel and insensitive demand. Austen here shows the ways lack of imagination can lead to abuse. It doesn't take an astute reader much to leap to what the slaves must have suffered on the brutally hot plantations in the Caribbean.


Further, the book critiques a marriage "market" in which women are routinely sold to the highest bidder. Maria Bertram is essentially sold off by Mrs. Norris, who brokers the marriage, to the wealthy but not very bright Rushworth. Maria despises him, and her father has doubts about the wedding, but all of these are repressed in the pursuit of wealth and status. Maria will, in the end, rebel against her marriage with unfortunate results. Likewise, the family is anxious to marry Fanny off to the wealthy Henry Crawford, and tries to coerce her when she resists his proposals. Money and status in their eyes--and society's eyes--trumps love. Likewise, Mary Crawford's downfall comes from her inability to accept that the man she loves, Edmund, really wants a career as clergyman that is, in her eyes, lacking in social status. Society has "deformed" her so that she can't accept love without high social status. Austen will never advocate for a wild "love" that breaks social barriers, but she does argue throughout her novels for marriage based on mutual respect, love and compatibility. She condemns sacrificing a woman's chance at happiness solely to money or status. She condemns selfishness in this novel about all the ways society has institutionalized and normalized selfish behavior. 

In Freak the Mighty, what is it about Max that startles Gwen when she first sees him?

Gwen, Freak's mother, is startled when she first sees Max. Max was showing Freak his room in the down under when he heard his mother calling for him. Freak decides it's about time that he heads out, so Max opens the bulkhead door for him. Gwen was looking around the backyard for freak, but she became frightened upon seeing Max. Philbrick writes, "She catches sight of [Max] coming out of the down under and it's...

Gwen, Freak's mother, is startled when she first sees Max. Max was showing Freak his room in the down under when he heard his mother calling for him. Freak decides it's about time that he heads out, so Max opens the bulkhead door for him. Gwen was looking around the backyard for freak, but she became frightened upon seeing Max. Philbrick writes, "She catches sight of [Max] coming out of the down under and it's like someone shot her. Like she's scared out of her mind" (20). 


Max watches as Gwen pulls Freak away on the wagon and understands immediately why she is afraid of him. As a way to apologize, Gwen invites Max over for dinner, and even though Max originally doesn't want to go, he ends up really enjoying himself. 


While at dinner, Gwen attempts to explain her actions by saying, "Sorry, Max. That is, I'm sorry we got off on the wrong foot. It's just, you know . . ." (25). She had a hard time putting it into words, so Freak interrupted and said, "What she means is, you're a spitting image of your old man" (25). 


In other words, Gwen was startled by Max because he looks exactly like his father. Max responds to her by saying that everyone says that. At this point, Max decides that Gwen is OK - she's the first person to apologize to him and now she doesn't seem to be so uneasy around him. 

Saturday, November 22, 2014

Sal drew a picture of a tree and hanged a person with curly hair with a rope around her neck. Who do you think the person was? What does this...

The curly-haired girl that Sal draws and hangs from a tree is Phoebe. Phoebe has been staying the weekend with Sal and her father, and she is being especially impossible. She criticizes everything. The mattress is lumpy. Sal has not emptied her closet so that Phoebe can hang up her things. She has a headache; it might be a brain tumor. Sal is not a very good host. Phoebe tells her that she should make...

The curly-haired girl that Sal draws and hangs from a tree is Phoebe. Phoebe has been staying the weekend with Sal and her father, and she is being especially impossible. She criticizes everything. The mattress is lumpy. Sal has not emptied her closet so that Phoebe can hang up her things. She has a headache; it might be a brain tumor. Sal is not a very good host. Phoebe tells her that she should make sacrifices, like her mother always did. Sal points out that it must have been a great sacrifice when Phoebe’s mother took off. Sal is really frustrated with Phoebe. In her book is a picture of a tree. She draws a noose around a curly-haired girl, meaning it to be Phoebe. This is symbolic of the negative feelings she has about Phoebe, who is not learning to handle her problems well. This is something that Sal herself is struggling with. In the middle of the night, however, Sal hears Phoebe crying. Sal’s dad comes to check on her, but Phoebe insists that she is not crying. Sal feels bad for her, but remembers her own time of crying after her mother left and realizes that sometimes you just have to be alone with your “birds of sadness.”

Which element is least likely to form an ionic bond with sodium? Phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon

Between phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine and argon, argon is the element that's the least likely to form an ionic bond with sodium.


Elements form chemical bonds to achieve the stable electron configuration of a noble gas. All noble gases except for helium have eight valence or outer electrons, which is a complete octet. Helium only has two electrons, however that's a full outer energy level just as eight is for the other noble gases. Bonds form...

Between phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine and argon, argon is the element that's the least likely to form an ionic bond with sodium.


Elements form chemical bonds to achieve the stable electron configuration of a noble gas. All noble gases except for helium have eight valence or outer electrons, which is a complete octet. Helium only has two electrons, however that's a full outer energy level just as eight is for the other noble gases. Bonds form either by two atoms sharing electrons (covalent), or by electrons being transferred from one atom to another (ionic) so that both end up with a complete octet.


Argon already has eight valance electrons, which is a full outer energy level and therefore a complete octet. It doesn't gain or lose electrons easily and therefore doesn't form bonds. All of the noble gases are unreactive for this reason.


To help you understand this better, phosphorous, sulfur and chlorine will all form ionic bonds with sodium because they all gain electrons to form negative ions and sodium loses one electron to form a +1 ion. An ionic bond is the attraction between positive and negative ions. Chlorine is the most likely of the three to react with sodium because it has the strongest attraction for electrons. This property is called electronegativy, and increases going up and to the right in the periodic table. Fluorine is the most electronegative element.

If "Me Talk Pretty One Day" is satire, what does it satirize?

If David Sedaris's "Me Talk Pretty One Day" satirizes anything, it's the seriousness—to the point of the instructor insulting students making some cry—with which people take language classes, which he seems to consider a recreational activity. 


In the opening paragraph, Sedaris sets the tone of the essay by clumping language classes in Paris with a series of recreational activities, including the movies, puppet shows, and Festyland, "a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing...

If David Sedaris's "Me Talk Pretty One Day" satirizes anything, it's the seriousness—to the point of the instructor insulting students making some cry—with which people take language classes, which he seems to consider a recreational activity. 


In the opening paragraph, Sedaris sets the tone of the essay by clumping language classes in Paris with a series of recreational activities, including the movies, puppet shows, and Festyland, "a far-flung amusement park that advertises with billboards picturing a cartoon stegosaurus sitting in a canoe and eating what appears to be a ham sandwich."


However, for Sedaris, this idea of recreational activity goes away the minute he enters the school and feels completely out of place, or like "Pa Kettle trapped backstage after a fashion show." The first thing his teacher tells him demonstrates her seriousness in teaching the language to these students: "if you have not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in this room." The teacher then goes on to mock each student in the class who volunteers an answer at one point "accusing the Yugoslavian girl of masterminding a program of genocide."


However, while Sedaris makes light of her teaching style, by the end of the essay he realizes that he was actually understanding French better. By the time mid-October came around, Sedaris says he "could understand every word someone was saying" reveling in the fact the her insults became clear to him.


At the end of the essay, it's clear that this French class, which people take as a form of self-improvement and as something that should be fun, became a somewhat traumatic experience for many of the students.

Throughout Pages 84-85, how does Ruth's reaction to Walter being drunk reflect a change in their relationship?

The change reflected is a confrontation of the difficulties that lie between them in Walter and Ruth's relationship.

Walter, in his reluctant embrace of white American society's standards of manhood and success, is quite chauvinistic toward women. This attitude also explains much of the underlying tension and rancor between him and his sister, Beneatha.


However, when Walter comes home drunk, he and Ruth slowly begin to deal with what comes between them.


Initially, he is hostile toward his wife. In a passive-aggressive statement about black people, he blames her for getting pregnant and, thus, making their economic difficulties more difficult. When she tries to offer him some coffee to help revivify him, he rudely refuses. When she tries to offer him something to eat, he complains about how she is always trying to feed him. Her feminine support annoys him. In frustration, she helplessly says, "What else can I give you, Walter Lee Younger?"


In the play's explanatory notes, we learn that "a new mood" has emerged in her, called up after he asks her, "Who cares about you?" He expresses a blatant disregard for his wife whom, he fails to realize, has suffered just as much, if not more than he, from racism and poverty.


Walter admits that things have been "rough," that not much is understood between them, and wonders how people get to the place "where we scared to talk softness to each other." When people are married, but feel trapped by social and economic circumstances, sometimes there is no one to blame, no one to be angry at, other than each other. This, arguably, is the "something" that "done come down between us," according to Walter. 


Ruth recollects about how things were when their son, Travis, was born. They were more hopeful, particularly about living in a nice home. Now, "it's all starting to slip away from us." At this admission, Walter turns her toward him and they kiss passionately. In that kiss, there is a sense of resolution: they have very little, but without each other, there may be nothing. 


In many ways, "A Raisin in the Sun" expresses Lorraine Hansberry's affirmation of the black family, and its preservation, as a bedrock of community and future progress. Walter and Ruth will remain together because they love each other, and because Hansberry has created two characters who will not succumb to white supremacy's hopes of destroying another black family. 

Friday, November 21, 2014

In "The Cask Of Amontillado," why was it effective to explain about whether or not the narrator was part of the "brotherhood" of the Freemasons?

In the story, it seems that Fortunato makes reference to the Freemasons as just one more way of belittling Montresor, even more than the "thousand injuries" he's already inflicted have.  As Montresor leads the wine connoisseur deeper and deeper into the crypts toward the nonexistent pipe of Amontillado, he stops to offer Fortunato wine so that by the time Fortunato realizes Montresor's intention to wall him in, he will be in no shape to fight.


...

In the story, it seems that Fortunato makes reference to the Freemasons as just one more way of belittling Montresor, even more than the "thousand injuries" he's already inflicted have.  As Montresor leads the wine connoisseur deeper and deeper into the crypts toward the nonexistent pipe of Amontillado, he stops to offer Fortunato wine so that by the time Fortunato realizes Montresor's intention to wall him in, he will be in no shape to fight.


On one of these wine stops, Fortunato "laughed and threw the bottle upward with a gesticulation [Montresor] did not understand."  When Montresor looked at Fortunato in surprise, Fortunato repeated the action.  When Montresor failed to comprehend, Fortunato responds triumphantly, "'Then you are not of the brotherhood [....].  You are not of the masons.'"  Once again, Fortunato attempts to exclude Montresor, to point out that he is somehow less than Fortunato because he doesn't belong to this organization which is veiled in secrecy and steeped in tradition and symbolism.  Montresor cries, "'Yes, yes, [...] yes, yes," and to prove his membership, he produces a trowel from beneath his cloak.  Fortunato has clearly given the secret sign of membership to the Freemasons, and in an effort not to be again bested by him, Montresor claims that he is a member (which he is not, or else he would have recognized the gesture).  However, what Fortunato does not realize (either because he is too proud or too drunk, or both) is that it is quite odd for Montresor to be concealing a trowel -- a tool used to apply and spread mortar -- on his person.  This is precisely the tool a person about to build a wall, like a mason, would carry.  Although the fact that Montresor carries a trowel with him doesn't seem to make much impression on Fortunato, readers who are blinded neither by pride nor drunkenness, ought to question its presence.  In total, the interaction offers us some significant foreshadowing as we might begin to guess what Montresor's response will be to those "thousand" and one injuries he's endured.

What were the motives of the suspects in The Hound of the Baskervilles?

Several suspects are considered in the case being investigated by Mr. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson. Their prime suspect is Mr. Stapleton, who is the estranged nephew of the late Sir Charles. He owns a very large dog, who would be capable of leaving the sort of large footprints found near Sir Charles' body. Mr. Stapleton, though having grown up distant from his family, would be next in line to inherit his family's fortune...

Several suspects are considered in the case being investigated by Mr. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson. Their prime suspect is Mr. Stapleton, who is the estranged nephew of the late Sir Charles. He owns a very large dog, who would be capable of leaving the sort of large footprints found near Sir Charles' body. Mr. Stapleton, though having grown up distant from his family, would be next in line to inherit his family's fortune in the case of the death of his uncle (Sir Charles) and cousin (Sir Henry.) 


There are also Mr. and Mrs. Barrymore, who work as servants in the Baskerville home. They would essentially inherit the estate as its caretakers if Sir Henry were to die and no heir came forth to claim the fortune. They act rather strangely in the story, which brings us to our next suspect. Mrs. Barrymore's younger brother, Selden, is the escaped Notting Hill Murderer. He would not really have much motive in killing the Baskervilles beyond satisfaction of a morbid desire for murder, and perhaps some theft of valuable goods.

In Things Fall Apart, Chapter 8 what is Okonkwo's opinion of and concern about his children, as expressed to his friend Obierika?

In Chapter 8, Okonkwo finds himself grieving over the death of Ikemefuna. Although he remembers how fond he was of the young boy, he is disgusted with himself for displaying what he considers feminine emotions.


He decides to visit his friend, Obierika, in order to take his mind off his grief. When he approaches his friend, he finds Obirieka sitting under an orange tree making thatches. Soon, Obirieka's son, Maduka, walks up, and Okonkwo asks...

In Chapter 8, Okonkwo finds himself grieving over the death of Ikemefuna. Although he remembers how fond he was of the young boy, he is disgusted with himself for displaying what he considers feminine emotions.


He decides to visit his friend, Obierika, in order to take his mind off his grief. When he approaches his friend, he finds Obirieka sitting under an orange tree making thatches. Soon, Obirieka's son, Maduka, walks up, and Okonkwo asks to shake hands with him. He tells Maduka that his wrestling skills have impressed him.


With this, talk turns to the subject of children, and Okonkwo laments that he does not have a son like Maduka. He complains to Obirieka that a bowl of mashed yams could defeat Nwoye in a wrestling match. Okonkwo feels that Nwoye's two younger brothers show more promise, and he frets that Ezinma, while possessing the right spirit, is the 'wrong' gender.


Obirieka chides Okonkwo for what he considers a baseless worry, pointing out that Okonkwo's children are still young. Okonkwo counters that, when he was Nwoye's age, he was already quite independent, and since Nwoye is supposedly old enough to impregnate a woman, he expects Nwoye to show more masculine promise and initiative. Instead, Nwoye seems to have too much of his mother in him, and this frustrates Okonkwo. Meanwhile, Obirieka leaves unspoken the thought that Nwoye really takes after his grandfather. Their conversation soon turns towards the events of Ikemefuna's death and why Obirieka did not participate in Ikemefuna's execution.

Thursday, November 20, 2014

Why does Rikki-Tikki answer Chuchundra scornfully in "Rikki-tikki-tavi"?

Rikki is scornful of Chuchundra because he is a coward and wasting Rikki’s time.


Riki-tikki-tavi is very brave.  Bravery is a trait of mongooses, apparently.  Even when he faces extreme danger, Rikki is never afraid for long.  His most common emotion is curiosity.


There is plenty of danger in the bungalow and surrounding gardens.  There is a family of cobras, and cobras are the natural enemy of the mongoose.  The cobras, Nag and Nagaina, target...

Rikki is scornful of Chuchundra because he is a coward and wasting Rikki’s time.


Riki-tikki-tavi is very brave.  Bravery is a trait of mongooses, apparently.  Even when he faces extreme danger, Rikki is never afraid for long.  His most common emotion is curiosity.


There is plenty of danger in the bungalow and surrounding gardens.  There is a family of cobras, and cobras are the natural enemy of the mongoose.  The cobras, Nag and Nagaina, target the family of humans in order to try to control Rikki.  The snakes are very afraid of Rikki. 


Chuchundra the muskrat is so fearful that he skulks around the edges of the room instead of coming out into it.  Even though he knows something about where Nag is, he is afraid to get involved.  This annoys Rikki, who needs the information and does not understand the muskrat’s fear.



Chuchundra sat down and cried till the tears rolled off his whiskers. ``I am a very poor man,'' he sobbed. "I never had spirit enough to run out into the middle of the room. H'sh! I musn't tell you anything. Can't you hear, Rikki-tikki?''



Rikki threatens to bite Chuchundra, not to be mean, but because he needs the information quickly and Chuchundra is taking too long.  Rikki is not in a sympathetic mood.  As far as he knows, the snake could attack the family while he is standing around trying to get information out of the muskrat.


Chuchundra tells Rikki that he should have talked to his cousin, Chua the rat, because he feels that Chua would have more information and be more forthcoming.  It is too late though.  Chuchundra tells Rikki to listen.



``That's Nag or Nagaina,'' he said to himself; ``and he is crawling into the bath-room sluice. You're right Chuchundra; I should have talked to Chua.''



In the end, Rikki is able to take care of both Nag and Nagaina without anyone getting hurt.  We are told in the beginning of the story that Chuchundra gave Rikki advice, and he did.  Even though Rikki had no patience for the muskrat, he was able to telling Rikki where the snakes were hiding.



Describe the basics of the Big Bang Theory, the argument from design, and Darwin’s theory of evolution. Are any of these theories compatible with...

The Big Bang is a model for the origins and structure of the universe. According to the theory, the universe was once a very small singularity that then expanded. In the time following the Big Bang, the elements that form the building blocks of the universe began to coalesce, giving rise to stars and galaxies. The remnants of this expansion can be observed today in the cosmic microwave background, and the universe is still expanding today.  

Despite popular misconception, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is an explanation of the diversity of life, not an explanation for how life arose in the first place (this is called abiogenesis). Basically, evolution by natural selection is driven by environment and mutations. Environmental pressures will favor certain individuals within a population and not others; as a result, those individuals with favorable traits (driven by mutations and variations that exist within a population) will survive and pass on the traits that allowed them to survive. Over time, a population will evolve to become better suited to its environment as its environment changes.  


The argument from design is less specific than the Big Bang (model of the universe) or evolution by natural selection (explanation for the diversity of life). It instead attempts to justify a belief in a god by pointing to perceived design in the natural world. A famous example of this argument is the watchmaker analogy, which asks the listener to imagine stumbling upon a watch. The listener would not assume, the analogy argues, that the watch just appeared as a random coming together of parts. Rather, the listener would assume that the watch was designed by an intelligence. This can be applied to the rest of the natural world as well, as the world shows apparent design in its structure.


As the argument from design is specifically meant to prove the existence of a god, it is most certainly compatible with Catholic doctrine. Regarding the Big Bang, Catholic doctrine is explicit that God created the universe from nothing; however, it is open to the idea that the universe may have arisen gradually after this moment of creation (as the Big Bang suggests). Evolution (and specifically human evolution from previous species) is a little trickier to square with Catholicism. The reality of Adam and Eve is essential for the foundations of Catholic doctrine, specifically that the sin of Adam and Eve brought death into the world and the sacrifice of Christ brings salvation. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states:



The account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, but affirms a primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man. Revelation gives us the certainty of faith that the whole of human history is marked by the original fault freely committed by our first parents.



The concession that Genesis uses figurative language may allow for some wiggle room, but the Catholic Church is adamant that the events described did actually happen. A Catholic could argue that Adam and Eve were evolved from prior species before the events of Genesis took place, assuming that the language describing the creation of Adam from the Earth is this "figurative" language the Catechism speaks of. 

Describe the sniper's ruse or plan for deceiving the opposite sniper in the short story, "The Sniper"

In the process of shooting the man in the armored car and the woman on the street, the sniper has been shot and has given his location to the shooter on the other roof.  He knows that he must kill the other shooter if he is going to survive.  


“Morning must not find him wounded on the roof.  The enemy on the opposite roof covered his escape.  He must kill that enemy….” (pg 2)



The fact that he has been shot creates another problem for the sniper.  He cannot use his rifle any longer.  It is too heavy for him.  The only weapon available to him is his revolver.  He needs to pinpoint the exact location of the other shooter and get him to reveal himself.  If the other shooter thinks the sniper is dead, then he will probably get careless and stand up.  So, the sniper creates a ruse to make the other shooter think he is dead.  


Taking off his cap, he places it on the muzzle of his gun.  Then he lifts the muzzle over the parapet of the building.  The cap is visible from the other side of the street.  The enemy, thinking it is the sniper’s head, shoots, piercing the center of the cap.  The sniper moves the muzzle of the gun a little forward, allowing the cap to fall into the street.  He then takes the rifle in his good hand, holds the hand lifelessly over the parapet, and drops the rifle into the street.  He then sinks back onto the roof.


The enemy shooter now thinks the sniper is dead. 



“He was now standing before a row of chimney pots, looking across, with his head clearly silhouetted against the western sky.” (pg 2)



The sniper shot, and the man, his enemy, fell onto the street below.

In "The Bet" by Anton Chekhov, why does the banker call the bet "cursed"?

In "The Bet" by Anton Chekhov, the banker calls the bet "cursed" because when he originally made the bet with the lawyer, he was extremely wealthy, and now he no longer is. He had millions of dollars fifteen years ago when he and the lawyer bet two million dollars, and that two million was nothing to him. However, during the ensuing years, the banker has spent frivolously, made bad investments, and lost money due to...

In "The Bet" by Anton Chekhov, the banker calls the bet "cursed" because when he originally made the bet with the lawyer, he was extremely wealthy, and now he no longer is. He had millions of dollars fifteen years ago when he and the lawyer bet two million dollars, and that two million was nothing to him. However, during the ensuing years, the banker has spent frivolously, made bad investments, and lost money due to poor decision making. If he pays the lawyer two million dollars, he will be bankrupt because he has little left from his original large fortune. He never even considered the possibility that he might lose his money when he first made the bet, and now that the reality of the bet is upon him, and the lawyer has held up his end of it, the banker feels that the bet is cursed. It will surely be the end of his wealth.

Wednesday, November 19, 2014

Why does Orwell choose to call Boxer and Clover the pigs' most faithful disciples?

Considering that Animal Farm is an allegory (or "Fairy Story" to use Orwell's label at the beginning of the book) for the Russian Revolution, each of the animals represents a real-life human. Sometimes, as in the case of Napoleon representing Josef Stalin, these correlations are to a specific historical figure. However, in the case of the horses, they represent a group of people- the Soviet working class.


Orwell is suggesting that the horses (working class)...

Considering that Animal Farm is an allegory (or "Fairy Story" to use Orwell's label at the beginning of the book) for the Russian Revolution, each of the animals represents a real-life human. Sometimes, as in the case of Napoleon representing Josef Stalin, these correlations are to a specific historical figure. However, in the case of the horses, they represent a group of people- the Soviet working class.


Orwell is suggesting that the horses (working class) were strong and fiercely loyal, though perhaps not as educated or as intelligent as some of the other trades of classes of citizens (the pigs, specifically) which allowed the horses to be easily manipulated and literally worked to death for the benefit of their leaders, the pigs.


Orwell writes:



"Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, very setback, was `I will work harder!' which he had adopted as his personal motto" (11-12).



And later, Boxer adopts a second motto to show his deep allegiance to the leaders of Animalism, to which he has devoted himself:



"Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying: `If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right.' And from then on he adopted the maxim, `Napoleon is always right,' in addition to his private motto of `I will work harder'" (Orwell 22).



Napoleon is able to use Boxer's fierce loyalty against him by relying on Boxer's work ethic and strength to complete great tasks like building the windmill, and when Boxer finally collapses, rather than allowing him to retire to a field as promised, Napoleon sells Boxer to the "knacker" (glue-maker) for a case of whiskey.


This literal selling out in the novel metaphorically represents how the Russian Revolution was fought and the Soviet Union was built on the backs of the working class who did not receive exactly what they were promised by Stalin and Soviet leaders.

How can I write a thesis statement about how Romeo and Juliet are infatuated with each other and connect it to the monologue that begins: "O...

First, check out the link I included. There is a nice discussion on love vs. infatuation.


The irony of using this quote is that it is the only time that anyone shows something like love. Shortly after this, Juliet decides to trust Romeo, which shows she feels something beyond the situational excitement of infatuation.


However, you have said that you are trying to connect this monologue to infatuation, so you may want to focus on...

First, check out the link I included. There is a nice discussion on love vs. infatuation.


The irony of using this quote is that it is the only time that anyone shows something like love. Shortly after this, Juliet decides to trust Romeo, which shows she feels something beyond the situational excitement of infatuation.


However, you have said that you are trying to connect this monologue to infatuation, so you may want to focus on her references to physical beauty. Juliet refers to Romeo as having "a flowering face" and "sweet flesh." Her positive side of nearly each metaphor is about his looks or his being divine to some degree. Infatuation often focuses on physical attraction and engulfs both parties so much that it seems they worship each other, so the heavenly references and focus on beauty could point to infatuation. 


Here are a few arguments that might help you:


1. Juliet's quick dismissal of Romeo after Tybalt's death shows that she was focused on Romeo's external beauty and was not truly in love with him.


2. Juliet focuses on Romeo's physical features rather than expressing any dismay about his actions, so their attraction is more akin to infatuation than love. 


3. When Juliet hears that Romeo killed her cousin, Tybalt, she does not defend him; nor does she seem surprised by his actions. Rather, she immediately condemns Romeo and expresses remorse that his beauty is not matched by his heart.


4. Juliet reveals an infatuation with Romeo rather than love when she denounces Romeo rather than defending him, focusing her condemnation on his character not matching his physical beauty, a condemnation that shows how quickly she thinks the worst of her new husband and how little she thought of his character before marrying him.

What is Hurston's purpose of using a snake as a symbol?

In Zora Neale Hurston's story, "Sweat," the snake--both real and fake--is a prominent element in the plot. When Delia's husband Sykes comes home one day, he pretends his whip is a snake to scare her because he knows she's deathly afraid of snakes. Later, to torment her even more, he brings home a snake in a soap box. She screams when she sees it and doesn't understand how her husband can be so mean. When...

In Zora Neale Hurston's story, "Sweat," the snake--both real and fake--is a prominent element in the plot. When Delia's husband Sykes comes home one day, he pretends his whip is a snake to scare her because he knows she's deathly afraid of snakes. Later, to torment her even more, he brings home a snake in a soap box. She screams when she sees it and doesn't understand how her husband can be so mean. When the snake winds up biting Sykes, he dies while Delia waits outside and lets him.


In this story, the snake symbolizes evil and treachery. Hurston uses this symbol to represent Sykes' evil ways. A snake is generally a symbol of evil, from as far back as the Bible where the snake was in the Garden of Eden and tempted Adam to try the forbidden fruit. However, by trying to harm and upset Delia with his malice, he suffers at his own hand. Hurston employs irony as she incorporates the symbol of the evil snake in this story.

What is the thesis for the introduction to Outliers: The Story of Success?

Outliers: The Story of Success is popular nonfiction book written in 2008 by Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell. It attempts to explain people who have been extraordinarily successful, or ones who might be what statisticians call "outliers."


The statistical definition of an outlier found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Statistics Handbook is:


An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population....

Outliers: The Story of Success is popular nonfiction book written in 2008 by Canadian journalist Malcolm Gladwell. It attempts to explain people who have been extraordinarily successful, or ones who might be what statisticians call "outliers."


The statistical definition of an outlier found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Statistics Handbook is:



An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population. ... This definition leaves it up to the analyst (or a consensus process) to decide what will be considered abnormal. Before abnormal observations can be singled out, it is necessary to characterize normal observations.



In statistics, outliers are often discarded from data sets. For example, if one is surveying age distributions in humans, and you have 2 or 3 people reported as over 300 years old, but the rest of the ages congregate between 0 one 115, the odds are that the numbers over 300 are errors in data entry or people trolling the survey. 


Gladwell, however, sees apparent "outliers" or people who are extraordinarily successful as a product of a combination of hidden advantages and hard work. The thesis he states in his introduction is that apparent "outliers," such as successful athletes and entrepreneurs, are not the product of some mysterious innate genius but rather a combination of of situational advantage (such as being born at a certain time of year or in a certain period of history) and hard work. In other words, his "outliers" only appear to be statistical outliers but instead are actually simply the far end of what statisticians call a "normal distribution." This means that rather than their being inexplicable, they actually provide models that ordinary people can emulate. 



Tuesday, November 18, 2014

How do Bill and Sam sign the ransom letter? Could this signature be taken two ways? How?

The ransom letter is signed "Two Desperate Men." The apparent intent is to suggest that these kidnappers are capable of doing anything if the boy's father does not meet their demands. The word "desperate" is intended to suggest that they know themselves to be outside the law. They are already destined to be executed or gunned down for the terrible crimes they have committed in the past. But the signature might also suggest that they are in dire need of the money. If they don't get it from Ebenezer Dorset, they won't know where to turn next. Mr. Dorset might read his own interpretation into the signature. He might not be in the least intimidated by their broad hint that they are capable of killing his son. He knows, for one thing, that they are in more danger from Johnny (aka Red Chief) than the boy is from them. Mr. Dorset, knowing his boy so well, might understand that these two men are getting "desperate" because they have a tiger by the tail, so to speak. Bill and Sam have already had serious problems with the kid. For example:


Just then we heard a kind of war-whoop, such as David might have emitted when he knocked out the champion Goliath. It was a sling that Red Chief had pulled out of his pocket, and he was whirling it around his head. I dodged, and heard a heavy thud and a kind of a sigh from Bill, like a horse gives out when you take his saddle off.



Mr. Dorset remains very calm, cool and collected throughout this kidnapping experience. Like his son Johnny, he does not behave in the way he is supposed to behave. Johnny should be frightened and submissive, which he is not. The father should be overwhelmed by the fact that his precious little boy is in the hands of two desperate men. But Ebenezer Dorset apparently doesn't care much whether they kill little Johnny or return him. The two desperate men may have saved Dorset a lot of trouble by kidnapping his hellcat son. When the father offers to take Red Chief off their hands if they pay him $250, he is showing his negative valuation of his offspring. He is not behaving like a stereotypical father, any more than Johnny is behaving like a stereotypical kidnap victim. The whole story is based on this dramatic irony.


Bill and Sam continue to grow more desperate until Dorset's offer looks good to both of them. They have a hard enough time getting Red Chief to go back home and stay there long enough for them to make their getaway. 


So the word "desperate" in the signature is unintentionally ambiguous and also unintentionally revealing. It is intended to suggest that the two kidnappers will kill Johnny if they don't get the ransom money. But it also suggests that they need that money badly and so are willing to negotiate, even though the letter says: "These terms are final, and if you do not accede to them no further communication will be attempted." And, finally, the signature confirms Ebenezer Dorset's expectation that his son will drive his captors to desperation. 

What dramatic monologue do you find in Robert Frost's poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening?"

Robert Frost’s poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is an example of dramatic monologue. When a poem is written in this manner is also called a persona poem. Robert Frost does not identify the speaker in the poem, but it has been assumed that it is Frost himself.


The poem is told by a single narrator who is speaking to a general audience. The poem does not contain any dialogue; the narrator simply...

Robert Frost’s poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” is an example of dramatic monologue. When a poem is written in this manner is also called a persona poem. Robert Frost does not identify the speaker in the poem, but it has been assumed that it is Frost himself.


The poem is told by a single narrator who is speaking to a general audience. The poem does not contain any dialogue; the narrator simply speaks his thoughts about the situation of stopping in the snow filled woods. He muses about how his horse must feel, describes the night, but never truly gives the reader an indication of why he stopped at that place or moment in time. This allows the reader to speculate on the reasons why the narrator took these actions, and what lies ahead of him as he moves on in his journey.

In Antigone, what are examples of human vs. human and human vs. society conflicts?

In the opening scene of Sophocles's drama, the discussion between Antigone and Ismene reveals different examples of conflict.


As the drama opens, both sisters are struggling with the law that Creon has passed.  The edict forbids a proper burial for their brother, Polynices.  A restriction against his receiving proper rites has become the law of the land.  Antigone's insistence on challenging this law demonstrates a human vs. society conflict. Antigone represents this conflict in her...

In the opening scene of Sophocles's drama, the discussion between Antigone and Ismene reveals different examples of conflict.


As the drama opens, both sisters are struggling with the law that Creon has passed.  The edict forbids a proper burial for their brother, Polynices.  A restriction against his receiving proper rites has become the law of the land.  Antigone's insistence on challenging this law demonstrates a human vs. society conflict. Antigone represents this conflict in her willingness to break the law to honor what she feels is right and just:   



Be whatever you want, and I will bury him.
It seems fair to me to die doing it.
I will lie dear to him, with one dear to me,
a holy outlaw, since I must please those
below a longer time than people here,
for I shall lie there forever. You, though,
dishonor the gods' commands, if you wish.



Antigone's declaration to her sister about her purpose in burying her brother represents her conflict with society's expectation.  It is for this reason that she calls herself a "holy outlaw."  She refers to herself this way because she knows that her actions will break society's laws, with which she is in conflict.  Antigone is further fomenting a conflict with society because she is challenging the social expectation for women.  When Antigone initially tells Ismene of her plans to honor their brother, Ismene says that she does not feel comfortable supporting Antigone because "we should not fight with men" and "that we are ruled by more powerful people / and must obey them." Antigone dismisses this social expectation.  Antigone believes that carrying out the will of the gods and her duty as a sister are more important than conforming to what society expects out of her as a woman. In both ways, Antigone brings about the conflict of human versus society.   


In the collision between Antigone's and Ismene's beliefs, a human vs. human conflict emerges. As both sisters talk, this gulf becomes more pronounced: 



If you say this, you will be hateful to me,
and the dead will hate you always–justly.
But let me and my foolish plans suffer(95)
this terrible thing, for I shall succumb
to nothing so awful as a shameful death.



Antigone's stance causes her to break from her sister.  This conflict is seen in language such as "you'll be hateful to me."  There is little room for negotiation, as Antigone has clearly picked a divergent path from her sister's path.  This conflict is further seen in how she curses Ismene with her line "the dead will hate you always--justly."  Antigone is in profound conflict with her sister and accordingly carves out her position.  The difference between the thoughts and actions of these sisters is an example of a human versus human conflict.   

Monday, November 17, 2014

What are some ways to approach a character analysis for the novel The Catcher in the Rye?

One way you may want to approach your character analysis of Holden is to actually conduct a psychoanalysis of him. (Here's a of this theory.)

The reason why this type of character analysis might work is that it's suggested on the opening page ("I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy"), but confirmed at the novel's end, that Holden himself is undergoing therapy, most likely psychoanalysis.


What you would probably want to do is look at the Freudian concepts, particularly id, ego and superego. Simply put, the id is the unconscious part of the human psyche that responds to instincts and human desires (sex, food). The ego is the mediator between the id and the real world (from SimplyPsychology):



The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.



And the superego functions to create the feelings of right and wrong and moral and immoral in a person. Guilt comes from the superego.


I would probably focus on how Holden's superego is his dominant psychological force. He thinks of things in terms of what's right and wrong. For example, according to Holden, Stradlater shouldn't have sex with Jane Gallagher because he doesn't know about how she keeps all her kings in the back row. Throughout the novel, Holden's superego battles with his id. While Holden refuses to have sex, he is driven by that human desire. This is why he hires a prostitute and calls Sally Hayes. In each of these instances, Holden's superego, unconsciously, convinces him that it's wrong. He wants to talk to the prostitute, not have sex with her. He asks Sally to run off with him because it's pretty clear from them making out in the cab and Holden telling her he "loved her and all" that his relationship with her, especially if he went over to "trim the tree Christmas Eve," could lead to his first real sexual encounter. So, it's possible that when he asks her to run off with him, he's purposely sabotaging the relationship.


Obviously, this is a different type of character analysis, but it can be effective. 

Sunday, November 16, 2014

What are some characteristics of Mr. Nuttel?

In addition to the obvious facts that Framton Nuttel is a neurotic suffering from what in those days was called a "nervous disorder," the author indicates that Nuttel is shy, introverted, and timid. His sister has to force letters of introduction on him, so that he will feel obliged to get around and meet some people in the rural setting where he has gone for his "nerve cure." 


Privately he doubted more than ever whether...

In addition to the obvious facts that Framton Nuttel is a neurotic suffering from what in those days was called a "nervous disorder," the author indicates that Nuttel is shy, introverted, and timid. His sister has to force letters of introduction on him, so that he will feel obliged to get around and meet some people in the rural setting where he has gone for his "nerve cure." 



Privately he doubted more than ever whether these formal visits on a succession of total strangers would do much towards helping the nerve cure which he was supposed to be undergoing.



His sister, who has known him all his life, gives some worthwhile information about Framton's character.



     "I know how it will be," his sister had said when he was preparing to migrate to this rural retreat; "you will bury yourself down there and not speak to a living soul, and your nerves will be worse than ever from moping."



In modern times he would not have been sent to the country but would have been referred to a psychotherapist, and he could have spent many years talking to a father figure about his symptoms. This is what he seems to be looking for. He tells Mrs. Sappleton all about his doctors and their diagnoses when he first meets her. She will later describe him to her husband as follows:



"A most extraordinary man, a Mr. Nuttel," said Mrs. Sappleton; "could only talk about his illnesses, and dashed off without a word of goodby or apology when you arrived. One would think he had seen a ghost."



The reader may wonder whether Framton's experience at the Sappletons' country home will be helpful or harmful. The three "ghosts" may have made him more nervous than ever before. But on the other hand, his successful escape and his vigorous exercise may have bolstered his morale. No doubt he will find out eventually that he was the victim of a practical joke, and this may have the curative effect of prompting him to laugh at himself.


Framton's symptoms are mainly imaginary, which indicates that he has a vivid imagination. In this respect he is like young Vera. Maybe she understands him intuitively after only talking to him for a few minutes. She might even understand that he is like herself in being bored with life and looking for a little excitement. His introversion, shyness, and timidity have inclined him to spend much of his time alone. This is not good for people. His "nervous disorder" may be largely due to his introversion and seclusion. 

Saturday, November 15, 2014

How has the president's power as the chief executive grown?

The powers of the President have grown much over the years. The Constitution originally gave the president powers in several areas. It appointed him Commander in Chief of the military. The founders wanted a civilian military leader, so as to check the power of the military. The Constitution also gave the President several diplomatic powers: the power to make treaties (with the advice and consent of the Senate), ceremonial duties of representing the United States at home and abroad, and the power of recognizing new and existing countries by receiving their ambassadors. The President was given wide powers to appoint various positions in the government. S/he can appoint: "ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States." (Constitution, Article II, Section 2).

Over the years, via practical exercise of powers not specifically given to him, the powers of the president have grown. Expansion of presidential powers began early on, with George Washington, who invented the idea of "executive privilege" when he refused to turn over notes about treaty negotiations for a controversial treaty. Washington also began the tradition of Executive Orders, which are orders issued by the President that have the force of law without having to be approved by Congress. All following presidents have engaged in issuing Executive Orders, some more than others. 


Indeed, many of the abuses/expansion of presidential power began in the early days of the republic. Andrew Jackson liked to engage in a bit of nepotism by appointing his friends and people who were loyal to him to various governmental posts. Abraham Lincoln greatly expanded presidential powers during the Civil War by assuming emergency powers. The largest expansion of presidential power by Lincoln was the suspension of habeus corpus, which is the right to appear in court for a trial when accused of a crime. 


However, the main example of the expansion of presidential powers is the ability to make war. While the Constitution allocates the power to declare and fund war to Congress, the President has often sent troops into battle without first consulting with Congress. Lincoln ordered the military to blockade Southern ports while Congress was not in session in response to an attack by the South, effectively engaging in warfare without Congressional approval. Lincoln knew he had overstepped his constitutional powers, and he asked Congress to retroactively approve by declaring war when they returned, and they did so. Teddy Roosevelt took military action in Panama and the Dominican Republic sans Congressional approval. Harry Truman sent troops to Korea to what would eventually be known as the Korean War without prior authorization from Congress. Kennedy used the CIA and the military to execute the ill-fated Bay of Pigs operation in Cuba, without authorization. Johnson and Nixon engaged in the Vietnam War without a formal declaration of war from Congress. Many presidents have flouted the war powers of Congress.


Congress obviously did not like these actions, and in 1973, it passed the War Powers Resolution, a law intended to limit the power of the President to deploy troops without a formal declaration of war. However, while it did provide some limits on presidential warmaking powers, such as a limit to the length of time the military can be deployed and a veto for Congress that allows the legislative branch to force the President to immediately recall deployed military, it codified the right of the President to engage in military action in law. The War Powers Resolution stipulated that the President can send troops without notifying Congress, but he must notify Congress within 48 hours of the military deployment. This in effect gave the President permission to deploy the military without first consulting with Congress. 


George H. Bush engaged in the first Gulf War because Iraq invaded Kuwait, taking advantage of the ability to send troops without prior approval. Congress granted an unprecedented amount of warmaking power to George W. Bush in 2002, when Bush got Congress to approve a resolution giving him the power to declare war, when he wanted to, without prior consultation with Congress. As a result, Bush declared war on Iraq in 2003. 


War has often been used as an excuse to exceed the powers given to the President in the Constitution, even from the earliest days of the United States. In 1798, John Adams had Congress pass the Alien and Sedition Acts, which granted the executive the power to jail political dissenters and deport any noncitizens he deemed to be a threat to the U.S. Franklin Delano Roosevelt demonstrated one of the most egregious unjust expansions of presidential power when he insisted that U.S. citizens of Japanese descent be put into internment camps, in order to protect the country during World War II. 


War has not been the only expansion of powers, however. FDR created many new agencies under the New Deal, all of which fell under the control of the Executive Branch. FDR also tried to expand the number of justices on the Supreme Court in order to pack the court with judges more favorable to his initiatives (he failed). Harry Truman seized steel mills in the U.S. because of a steel workers' strike, an unprecedented move. Richard Nixon was eventually caught engaging in illegal activity with the Watergate scandal. Nixon and his operatives engaged in spying on political opponents via electronic surveillance, and they used the FBI, CIA, and the IRS to harass political figures who opposed Nixon and activist groups. Nixon tried to use executive privilege to avoid releasing incriminating audio tapes, but was unsuccessful. 


Thus, presidential powers have expanded in many areas since the founding of the United States. These are a few examples of the main areas of expansion. 

In the Great Gatsby why does Nick go East?

In the Great Gatsby, Nick, who's full name is Nick Carraway, is established as the narrator of the story at the beginning of the book. In chapter 1, the reasons why Nick decided to go East are established. Nick talks about his service in the Great War, and states on page 3 of chapter 1, that upon returning home, "the Middle West now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe."This quote illustrates...

In the Great Gatsby, Nick, who's full name is Nick Carraway, is established as the narrator of the story at the beginning of the book. In chapter 1, the reasons why Nick decided to go East are established. Nick talks about his service in the Great War, and states on page 3 of chapter 1, that upon returning home, "the Middle West now seemed like the ragged edge of the universe." This quote illustrates to the reader that Nick now finds himself bored in the Mid-Western community where he grew up, and alludes to the fact that he feels life in the East will be more exciting. After this revelation, Nick states that he decided to go East to "learn the bond business." Later, at the end of chapter 1, Nick reveals that he also decided to travel east because of rumors of him possibly being engaged being spread around his family and the community. This is shown on page 19 of chapter 1 when he states "The fact that gossip had published the banns was one of the reasons I had come East." Hope this helps!

What is the Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, and Falling Action of "One Thousand Dollars"?

Exposition A "decidedly amused" Bobby Gillian leaves the offices of Tolman & Sharp where he is given an envelope containing $1...