What ideas sparked the rise of different nationalist leaders after WW1?

The ideas that fueled the rise of nationalist leaders after World War 1 were mostly similar in nature. The leaders often advocated for the rebuilding of their countries and the need to make them stronger. This turned the particular countries, under such leaders, into police/military states.

World War 1 caused major destruction in different parts of the European continent. The effects were still felt years later, especially, in Germany. Germany was accused of instigating and...

The ideas that fueled the rise of nationalist leaders after World War 1 were mostly similar in nature. The leaders often advocated for the rebuilding of their countries and the need to make them stronger. This turned the particular countries, under such leaders, into police/military states.

World War 1 caused major destruction in different parts of the European continent. The effects were still felt years later, especially, in Germany. Germany was accused of instigating and starting the war, to this effect, the nation was forced to take full responsibility for the war. The country was penalized through reparations, territorial restrictions, and weakening of their defense forces. Citizens viewed these penalties as punitive and leaders such as Adolf Hitler were displeased with the situation.

Hitler rose to power on the promise to restore Germany’s strength and guaranteed the nation’s survival. His message resonated well with that of the people and he eventually assumed dictatorial powers in Germany leading up to World War 2. 

In Italy, Benito Mussolini rose to power with the promise of uniting Italians in Austria-Hungary and Italy. He developed a private army that secured his reign in Italy.

In summary, the ideas of the nationalist leaders after WW1 were to;

• Strengthen the economy in their country


• Restore the nations’ sense of pride


• Enhance security and defense through a robust police and military force


• Demonize opposing nations while at the same time distancing their countries from international/regional blame


• Maintain unity among their citizens


• The leaders also offered to stop or prevent the growth of communism that was fueled by a poor economy


• They also promised the return of their previously held territories and an expansion of their existing national boundaries

What are 4 key events that take place on the Dark Planet in A Wrinkle in Time?

The climax of the story happens on the dark planet of Camazotz, where Meg and Charles Wallace's father is imprisoned. If I had to identify the most important four, it would be these:

1) Charles Wallace attempts to fight The Man with the Red Eyes and fails. He becomes hypnotized by the Man and acts coldly and dismissively towards the others. 

2) Charles Wallace and the Man take Calvin and Meg to see Meg and...

The climax of the story happens on the dark planet of Camazotz, where Meg and Charles Wallace's father is imprisoned. If I had to identify the most important four, it would be these:

1) Charles Wallace attempts to fight The Man with the Red Eyes and fails. He becomes hypnotized by the Man and acts coldly and dismissively towards the others. 

2) Charles Wallace and the Man take Calvin and Meg to see Meg and Charles' father, who has been locked up in a dark room. Using Mrs. Who's spectacles, Meg helps him escape.

3) Charles, still hypnotized, despite Calvin's attempt at shaking him out of it by reciting lines from The Tempest, insists that they all see IT. IT turns out to be huge brain, which tries to pull them into its pulsating rhythm. Meg is slipping when Mr. Murry tessers with her and Calvin in tow. 

Interlude! Off of Camazotz, Meg is furious with her father for leaving Charles behind. Everyone is recovering, because Mr. Murry is not super at tessering. Meg realizes that only she can save Charles and returns to Camazotz on her own.

4) Back on the dark planet, Meg confronts her little brother, having discovered the gift she has that IT does not: love. She declares her love for her little brother and they tesser back to their home on Earth. 

Is there an example of when someone in the Odyssey is intelligent but misuses it? Like when Eurylockhos was intelligent but decided to consume the...

In Book 9 of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus recounts his adventure to the land of the Cyclopes. While there, he and twelve of his men were imprisoned by Polyphemus the cyclops (who ate two of them and was saving the rest for later). Odysseus used his intelligence and cunning to blind the cyclops without arousing the suspicion of Polyphemus' neighbors; he told Polyphemus his name was "Nobody," which caused Polyphemus to yell: "Nobody is killing...

In Book 9 of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus recounts his adventure to the land of the Cyclopes. While there, he and twelve of his men were imprisoned by Polyphemus the cyclops (who ate two of them and was saving the rest for later). Odysseus used his intelligence and cunning to blind the cyclops without arousing the suspicion of Polyphemus' neighbors; he told Polyphemus his name was "Nobody," which caused Polyphemus to yell: "Nobody is killing me!"

Odysseus later used his intelligence to scheme an escape from the cyclops' cave. Despite escaping without Polyphemus noticing, Odysseus wanted to brag about his intelligent plan; he wanted the cyclops to know whose cunning had bested him. Odysseus' men tried to prevent him from taunting Polyphemus, but he eventually gave into the temptation and told Polyphemus his real name:

Cyclops, if any mortal man ever asks you who it was that inflicted upon your eye this shameful binding, tell him that you were blinded by Odysseus, sacker of cities (Book 9, lines 503-504).

Unfortunately for Odysseus, Polyphemus had a powerful father: the sea-god Poseidon. Once Polyphemus told Poseidon how Odysseus had hurt him, the god promised to seek vengeance.

What genre conventions does Romeo and Juliet adhere to?

William Shakespeare's plays can be categorized into the comedies, tragedies, and histories. 

Romeo and Juliet is considered a tragedy because our heroes suffer a terrible downfall and sorrowful end. Romeo and Juliet both commit suicide, Mercutio, Tybalt, and Paris are all murdered, and the Capulets and Montagues are left to mourn the loss of their dear family members. 

After Romeo is told that Juliet is dead, he proclaims, "I defy you, stars!" which gets to...

William Shakespeare's plays can be categorized into the comedies, tragedies, and histories. 

Romeo and Juliet is considered a tragedy because our heroes suffer a terrible downfall and sorrowful end. Romeo and Juliet both commit suicide, Mercutio, Tybalt, and Paris are all murdered, and the Capulets and Montagues are left to mourn the loss of their dear family members. 

After Romeo is told that Juliet is dead, he proclaims, "I defy you, stars!" which gets to the heart of the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo doesn't blame circumstance or bad luck for his true love's tragic end, but he blames the stars because he believes that everything is destiny and pre-determined. Romeo is frustrated because the heavens took Juliet from him just as quickly as they brought her into his life, and he has now his true love. This is a major theme in the play and only heightens the tragic drama of the lovers' deaths. 

Though Shakespeare himself wouldn't have understood this play as a "Romance," our modern terminology and understanding of genres could easily classify this play as a "Romance." Modern romance stories focus on the development of a relationship that does not always end well. For example, Baz Luhrmann's film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet appeals to our modern sensibilities of romantic relationships by setting the play in a modern context. More than anything else, this modern adaptation focuses entirely on Romeo and Juliet's passion and devotion to one another more than any other relationship in the play. 

Where did Islam originate? Who is its founder? Where is it mostly practiced?

Islam originated in Arabia (specifically in the cities of Mecca and Medina) during the early 7th century AD. Muhammad founded Islam after receiving (or claiming to receive) divine revelations from an angel named Gabriel which explained the words of Allah, the Muslim word for God. Muhammad later compiled these revelations into the Qur'an, the holy text of Islam.

Islam expanded rapidly during the middle ages through military conquest, enveloping most of the Middle East and...

Islam originated in Arabia (specifically in the cities of Mecca and Medina) during the early 7th century AD. Muhammad founded Islam after receiving (or claiming to receive) divine revelations from an angel named Gabriel which explained the words of Allah, the Muslim word for God. Muhammad later compiled these revelations into the Qur'an, the holy text of Islam.

Islam expanded rapidly during the middle ages through military conquest, enveloping most of the Middle East and much of northern Africa. Today, the epicenter of Islam remains in the Middle East. The Muslim faith has spread further south into Africa and even contains many adherents in regions of the world which are primarily Christian, such as western Europe and the United States. According to Pew Research, there were more than 1.6 billion Muslims in the world as of 2010.

In Ch. 15 of To Kill a Mockingbird, who takes a stand? Why?

In Ch. 15, Atticus takes a stand against what is essentially a lynch mob coming to get Tom Robinson from the Maycomb County Jail.

It all began earlier in the chapter when Sheriff Tate came to the Finch home to warn Atticus that there were men who were angry about him representing Tom. Apparently it was not men from Macomb, but the "Old Sarum bunch", who live in a nearby town. They had been drinking...

In Ch. 15, Atticus takes a stand against what is essentially a lynch mob coming to get Tom Robinson from the Maycomb County Jail.

It all began earlier in the chapter when Sheriff Tate came to the Finch home to warn Atticus that there were men who were angry about him representing Tom. Apparently it was not men from Macomb, but the "Old Sarum bunch", who live in a nearby town. They had been drinking all day and getting angrier and angrier.

Despite the very real threat the men pose, Atticus goes that night to the jail to sit outside and make sure no one hurts Tom. This is at great personal risk to himself, but he feels it is the right thing to do. When the men show up they are angry, probably drunk, and have made sure Sheriff Tate is off on another call so he cannot be anywhere around to help Atticus. The kids then arrive and, by a miracle, Scout manages to diffuse the entire situation by engaging Walter Cunningham's father in conversation about his son. He then directs the mob to leave.

At the end of all of this, Atticus seems incredibly relieved that no harm came to anyone, as was about to be the case. While one could also argue that Scout took a stand in this scenario, she may not have fully understood what it was she was doing. She simply knew she was trying to provide a distraction and that ended up protecting them all, but it was not necessarily an intentional stand. Atticus, on the other hand, knew full well the danger he was facing when he went to the jail and by going to protect Tom, he took a stand against the mob.

How does Byron change when the Watsons arrive in Alabama? Why do you think he changes so suddenly? Provide text evidence to support your answer.

After the Watsons arrive in Alabama, Byron seemingly becomes a nicer boy overnight. Accordingly, the family makes the trip to Alabama in order to visit Grandma Sands and also to drop Byron off for a little stay with her. The hope is that Grandma Sands will straighten Byron out.

In Chapter 11, Kenny thinks that Grandma Sands will be no match for his troublemaker big brother. After all, she looks way too fragile to counteract...

After the Watsons arrive in Alabama, Byron seemingly becomes a nicer boy overnight. Accordingly, the family makes the trip to Alabama in order to visit Grandma Sands and also to drop Byron off for a little stay with her. The hope is that Grandma Sands will straighten Byron out.

In Chapter 11, Kenny thinks that Grandma Sands will be no match for his troublemaker big brother. After all, she looks way too fragile to counteract the sort of misbehavior Byron is famous for. However, Kenny finds himself surprised when Grandma Sands puts Byron in his place when he answers her disrespectfully. Although Grandma Sands is small and withered, she's quite the disciplinarian; Kenny gets the idea that she's not the sort of old lady who will tolerate bad behavior. In fact, Grandma Sands may just be one of the main reasons Byron changes so suddenly.

"You good at following directions, Byron?” “Huh?” By’s face twisted up."What?” Grandma Sands’s voice popped like one of those big brown grocery bags being snapped open. By looked surprised and said, “I meant, ‘Huh, ma’am.’ “You good at following directions? Jobe’s is a good little walk.” I said,“He can follow directions real good, Grandma Sands, he’s not as dumb as he looks.” I shut up real quick and wished I hadn’t said anything when Grandma Sands looked at me and said,“ ’Lona, maybe there’s two who should be spending the summer down here with their granny.”

I started to think that making Byron spend all of his summer in this heat was more punishment than even a juvenile delinquent like him deserved. But he seemed like he was having a great time.

Kenny also thinks that the Alabama heat is too much for Byron and has temporarily incapacitated Byron's ability to behave badly. However, he also thinks that Byron seems to be enjoying himself; presumably, being away from Buphead's bad influence has also made a difference in Byron's attitudes.

Byron's change is further evident when he refuses to go to Collier's Landing with Kenny and Joey. Meanwhile, Kenny can't believe that the rebellious brother he used to know would listen to any adult, but here he is warning Kenny not to go to Collier's Landing just because Grandma Sands says so. Later, by all indications, Byron even saves Kenny from being drowned. Living in a wholesome environment has certainly helped Byron to act more like the big brother he should be.

When Kenny becomes shell-shocked after the bombing of Joey's church, it is Byron who comforts Kenny and offers him supportive words of wisdom to guide him out of his emotional paralysis. Byron's emerging maturity appears to be fueled by his experience staying with Grandma Sands in Alabama.

"The Open Window" is a combination of humor and irony. Explain how the writer Saki has used irony in this lesson to bring out the desired effect.

There is one great irony in the story. Framton Nuttel has come to the English countryside seeking peace and quiet for his "nerve cure." Instead he runs into a situation that brings about the very opposite of what he is seeking.

When he first meets Mrs. Sappleton he tells her why he has come to her part of England.

     "The doctors agree in ordering me complete rest, an absence of mental excitement, and avoidance of anything in the nature of violent physical exercise," announced Framton...

Vera has already had the opportunity to tell Framton her story about the three men who have been dead for three years, having been sucked into a bog while hunting on the moor. At this point the reader has no idea that this is a complete fiction. Vera knows the men will soon be returning and that Framton will take them for ghosts. Her aunt plays her part perfectly. She says she is expecting her husband and her two young brothers to be returning for tea and that they will enter through the open French window as they always do. Framton has been set up to believe that Mrs. Sappleton lost her mind when the "tragedy" happened and that she has been expecting her men to return at tea time for the past three years.

Framton is seated in such a way that he can see Mrs. Sappleton but cannot see the open window or Vera. When his hostess says, "Here they are at last!", Framton does not look towards the window because he assumes the woman is just having an hallucination. Instead, he turns to look at Vera to show his sympathy. He is shocked when he sees that the young girl is looking at the window and making a horrified face. So then he looks at the window and sees what he has been set up to see.

In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window, they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them was additionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders. A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice chanted out of the dusk: "I said, Bertie, why do you bound?"

Framton's reaction shows that--ironically--he is experiencing, or is about to experience, just exactly the opposite of what all his doctors prescribed: "complete rest, an absence of mental excitement, and avoidance of anything in the nature of violent physical exercise."

Framton grabbed wildly at his stick and hat; the hall door, the gravel drive, and the front gate were dimly noted stages in his headlong retreat. A cyclist coming along the road had to run into the hedge to avoid imminent collision.

The humor in the story is entirely based on the ironic contrast between the peace and quiet that Framton was seeking and the fright of his life he received at the Sappletons which caused him to get the most "violent physical exercise" he had probably ever gotten in his life. The fact that the three "ghosts" were all carrying guns made them all the more frightening.

What does Neil Gaiman mean when he writes: “We as humans begin by burning books, and end by burning people”?

When Neil Gaiman wrote that book burning leads to burning people, he alluded to an important theme in Fahrenheit 451: Bradbury's plea for people to have access a wide range of books to help them build empathy with other human beings and to overcome their alienation. Books expose us to other ways of living and thinking; books are, as Stephen King points out in On Writing, a form of telepathy.

In Fahrenheit 451, however, the...

When Neil Gaiman wrote that book burning leads to burning people, he alluded to an important theme in Fahrenheit 451: Bradbury's plea for people to have access a wide range of books to help them build empathy with other human beings and to overcome their alienation. Books expose us to other ways of living and thinking; books are, as Stephen King points out in On Writing, a form of telepathy.

In Fahrenheit 451, however, the government wants as far as possible to control people's thoughts. The fewer thoughts people have, the fewer ideas they will be able to develop to challenge the state's dominant ideology. As people's access to a broad range of ideas diminishes, so does their capacity to understand others, especially those who are different, as fully human, and fully deserving of humane treatment.

From there, especially in a society like that in Fahrenheit 451 with its strong emphasis on conformity over understanding and empathy, it is easy to move from burning the books that don't conform to burning people who also don't seem to conform to societal norms.

For a writer like Bradbury, memories of Nazi book burnings in the Third Reich, precisely to eradicate ideas that opposed National Socialism, would have been living memories, so the concept would not have seemed farfetched.

And as Gaiman points, visionary science fiction like Fahrenheit 451 is meant to be about the present, not the future. While we don't burn books in our society, Gaiman and Bradbury invite to ask in what other ways we might censor thought or fail at empathy. 

What is any form of water that falls from clouds called?

Any form of water that falls from the clouds is known as precipitation. There are several forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and sleet. Depending on the geographic region and climatic conditions, any of these forms of precipitation may take place. Generally, rainfall is the more common form of precipitation. 

Precipitation is one of the chief processes comprising the hydrologic (or water) cycle. The total amount of water on Earth is fixed; it...

Any form of water that falls from the clouds is known as precipitation. There are several forms of precipitation including rain, snow, hail and sleet. Depending on the geographic region and climatic conditions, any of these forms of precipitation may take place. Generally, rainfall is the more common form of precipitation. 

Precipitation is one of the chief processes comprising the hydrologic (or water) cycle. The total amount of water on Earth is fixed; it simply rotates through various processes, forming the water cycle. The water that is precipitated reaches the surface of Earth and ultimately makes it to surface or ground water bodies. The evaporation of water takes place from surface water bodies and the condensation of this water results in the formation of clouds. From there, the precipitation brings this water back to Earth's surface, thus completing the entire water cycle. 

Hope this helps. 

If 10.3 gm lithium sulfate react with an abundant amount of potassium phosphate, what mass of lithium phosphate can you expect to isolate?

The reaction between lithium sulfate and potassium phosphate is a a double displacement reaction. This reaction can be written as:

`3 Li_2SO_4 + 2 K_3PO_4 -> 2 Li_3PO_4 +3 K_2SO_4`

In this well-balanced chemical reaction, we can see that lithium replace potassium and vice-versa and hence this is a double displacement reaction. 

Molar masses of lithium sulfate = 2 x 7 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 110 g/mol

Molar mass of lithium phosphate...

The reaction between lithium sulfate and potassium phosphate is a a double displacement reaction. This reaction can be written as:

`3 Li_2SO_4 + 2 K_3PO_4 -> 2 Li_3PO_4 +3 K_2SO_4`

In this well-balanced chemical reaction, we can see that lithium replace potassium and vice-versa and hence this is a double displacement reaction. 

Molar masses of lithium sulfate = 2 x 7 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 110 g/mol

Molar mass of lithium phosphate = 3 x 7 + 31 + 4 x 16 = 116 g/mol

Using stoichiometry:

3 moles of lithium sulfate produces 2 moles of lithium phosphate, 

or, 3 x 110 g lithium sulfate produces 2 x 116 g lithium phosphate

or, 10.3 g lithium sulfate produces (2 x 116) x 10.3 / (3 x 110) 

 = 7.24 g.

Thus, 10.3 g of lithium sulfate will produce 7.24 g lithium phosphate.

Hope this helps. 

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to imperialism?

The Industrial Revolution contributed to imperialism in a number of ways. The most important was that it created a demand among American and European businessmen, and consequently politicians, for new markets. As manufacturing and industry became more and more efficient, people began to fear the possibility of overproduction, which would lead to price collapses and ultimately economic recession. So the United States sought to expand its influence in places like China (through the so-called Open...

The Industrial Revolution contributed to imperialism in a number of ways. The most important was that it created a demand among American and European businessmen, and consequently politicians, for new markets. As manufacturing and industry became more and more efficient, people began to fear the possibility of overproduction, which would lead to price collapses and ultimately economic recession. So the United States sought to expand its influence in places like China (through the so-called Open Door policy) in order to guarantee access to markets. American industrialists also sought the cheap natural resources and in many cases labor that could be found around the world, and prevailed on the US government to use the military to protect their investments, especially in Latin America. Finally, the Industrial Revolution added to the imbalance in wealth and technology between western societies and the rest of the world, and this imbalance served as both a cause and an ideological justification for imperialism.

I am opening a French language school for adults in Sweden. The courses will be on beginner and intermediate level. The concept that makes us...

You might begin with a lecture/discussion on how foods get their names. Think, for example, of how animals have English names (cow, pig, sheep, etc.) but the food made from those animals have French names (beef, pork, mutton, etc.); this occurred because of the Norman Invasion – the ruling aristocracy was French, but the serving classes were Anglo-Saxon. As a result, the servants had to learn the French words in order to obey the commands...

You might begin with a lecture/discussion on how foods get their names. Think, for example, of how animals have English names (cow, pig, sheep, etc.) but the food made from those animals have French names (beef, pork, mutton, etc.); this occurred because of the Norman Invasion – the ruling aristocracy was French, but the serving classes were Anglo-Saxon. As a result, the servants had to learn the French words in order to obey the commands to the kitchen staff from the rulers – boeuf, porque, mouton, etc. Expand this discussion into a study of how French foods are named, what pate di fois gras  or brulee means, where fondue gets its name, etc. You might ask the class to translate a menu from a good French restaurant into English, with appropriate sampling of the food itself. Then you can ask the class to give French names to American and British cuisine, thereby building their vocabulary. Finally you can have taste tests (perhaps at a French restaurant in Sweden) and tell the students to write their reviews in French: magnifique, terrible, etc. (salty, mellow, too much, too little, “I would go back,” etc.). And don’t forget French wines (a lesson on regions and how regions give wines their names).

In Dubus's Killings, what moral conflicts does Matt battle?

Moral conflicts have to do with a person's inner struggles (inner conflicts) with what they believe to be the difference between right and wrong. People also have inner conflicts when they argue with themselves about an issue and what to do to solve it. Matt Fowler knows that killing is wrong, but after his son Frank is gunned down, the repercussions are more than he can bear. For example, his wife sees the murderer, Richard Strout, around...

Moral conflicts have to do with a person's inner struggles (inner conflicts) with what they believe to be the difference between right and wrong. People also have inner conflicts when they argue with themselves about an issue and what to do to solve it. Matt Fowler knows that killing is wrong, but after his son Frank is gunned down, the repercussions are more than he can bear. For example, his wife sees the murderer, Richard Strout, around town because he's out on bail. Matt is upset that his wife doesn't feel comfortable to venture out into her own town because she's afraid she'll see her son's killer. Matt says to Willis, "She can't even go out for cigarettes and aspirin. It's killing her."

Willis asks his friend how often he thinks about the murder and the weight of it on his wife's shoulders. Matt responds that it is interrupting both his and his wife's life. So, the dilemma is how to go back to living a normal life with the killer living in such close proximity to one's family--kill the guy?

Another moral conflict that Matt faces is the fact that his son Frank was dating Mary Ann, Strout's wife, while the couple was estranged but not divorced. His wife tells him, "She's not divorced, yet," but he tells her that he sees Frank's dating Mary Ann as a "positive thing." Since she married a jerk, and Frank is making her happy, the situation is good all around. Matt's wife Ruth asks him to talk to Frank about it, and he does, but he doesn't convince his son to stop seeing the married woman. Had he been successful with that, maybe Frank would still be alive. During these flashbacks, Matt struggles with whether or not it was fine for Frank to be seeing a married woman. 

What's interesting with this story, though, is how Matt does not struggle with the final decision to kill Strout. Sure, Matt thinks about the wife, children and mistress who will mourn Strout's life, but that isn't enough to deter him once he makes his mind up. Matt takes no pity on him when Strout tries to explain why he killed Frank; he doesn't even flinch when he lies to Strout about relocating him to another town out west; and he doesn't think twice when Strout tries to run and he systematically unloads a few bullets.

Give a character sketch of Mr. Jefferson from The Story of My Life.

Mr. Jefferson (his full name was Joseph Jefferson, 1829-1905) was a talented actor who was a friend of Helen Keller. In her book, The Story of My Life, she describes going to see him when she was studying in New York, and she felt his movements while playing Rip Van Winkle. While she had read the play, she only understood what she describes as "the charm of Rip's slow, quaint, kind ways" after she...

Mr. Jefferson (his full name was Joseph Jefferson, 1829-1905) was a talented actor who was a friend of Helen Keller. In her book, The Story of My Life, she describes going to see him when she was studying in New York, and she felt his movements while playing Rip Van Winkle. While she had read the play, she only understood what she describes as "the charm of Rip's slow, quaint, kind ways" after she visits Mr. Jefferson and feels his movements in the play. She describes his acting as beautiful and pathetic, meaning it creates pathos or sympathetic feeling, in the audience. Helen Keller goes behind the stage and is allowed to feel Mr. Jefferson's face, hair, and costume so that she can really experience the play.

Helen Keller also visits Mr. Jefferson in Boston, where he acts out his part from The Rivals. She is allowed to feel the movements of the play, and he also asks her to guess which gestures should go along with the actions in Rip Van Winkle. Mr. Jefferson is clearly a compassionate and patient man with a great deal of sympathy and interest in helping Helen Keller and encouraging her love of the theatre. 

From Lois Lowry's The Giver, what is the purpose of the morning injections?

There are no injections in Lois Lowry's The Giver. The morning injections, however, are shown in the movie adaptation. The book has everyone take pills each morning, but the movie does show Jonas swiping his wrist over a technological device to receive the injections rather than taking a pill. The injections in the movie offer the same treatment as the pills in the book, though. Both are first administered to young adults as they...

There are no injections in Lois Lowry's The Giver. The morning injections, however, are shown in the movie adaptation. The book has everyone take pills each morning, but the movie does show Jonas swiping his wrist over a technological device to receive the injections rather than taking a pill. The injections in the movie offer the same treatment as the pills in the book, though. Both are first administered to young adults as they start to experience the "stirrings." The stirrings are the beginnings of sexual awareness, basically. As each person takes the pill each day, these feelings are suppressed so no one will prefer one person over another. In a world where Sameness is the doctrine for living, if someone preferred to be with one person rather than another, then feelings of differentiation would start to exist--and they can't have that in a society that prohibits living with one's own birth parents.

"Pedaling rapidly down the path, Jonas felt oddly proud to have joined those who took the pills. For a moment, though, he remembered the dream again. The dream had felt pleasurable. . . he thought that he had liked the feelings that his mother had called Stirrings. . . Then, in the same way that his dwelling slipped away behind him as he rounded a corner on this bicycle, the dream slipped away from his thoughts" (39).

As shown above, the pills work very quickly to eliminate the thoughts as well as the feelings that are associated with anything sexual. Jonas isn't down the street for more than a minute before he forgets about the dream he had and the Stirrings go away. This is just another way that the community controls people from a very early age in order to ensure their safety and status quo.

How did the American economy come to be dominated by monopolistic corporations in industries such as steel and oil?

The main reason the American economy came to be dominated by monopolistic corporations in the post-Civil War era was that these businesses functioned in an essentially regulation-free environment. The federal government, and for that matter state governments, were almost totally unwilling to pass legislation that would limit or prohibit the formation of monopolies. So steel magnates like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, an oil tycoon, were free to build almost total control of their...

The main reason the American economy came to be dominated by monopolistic corporations in the post-Civil War era was that these businesses functioned in an essentially regulation-free environment. The federal government, and for that matter state governments, were almost totally unwilling to pass legislation that would limit or prohibit the formation of monopolies. So steel magnates like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, an oil tycoon, were free to build almost total control of their industries through innovative business practices like "vertical integration," the process of buying out the supply and distribution chains in a particular industry. Rockefeller built his Standard Oil empire as a trust, which placed the stock of competitors under a central board of directors. Business leaders in many other fields, including railroads, tobacco, sugar, and meat-packing used similar methods to gain almost total control of their industries, and profit enormously. The point is that they did so in an environment almost completely devoid of regulation. 

Regulation was slow in coming, and the late nineteenth century witnessed a gradual move toward limited oversight of economic activity. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act, passed in 1890, was an early attempt to limit the power of the "trusts," as all monopolies came to be known. It was seldom enforced, however, and was only really given teeth 24 years later by the Clayton Anti-trust Act, the result of two decades of Progressive demands for reform. The Interstate Commerce Act, passed in 1887, attempted to regulate the unfair business practices of the railroads, which were of particular concern to farmers, and it achieved some success. By and large, however, the nineteenth century witnessed few successful attempts to check the power of big corporations. 

Why was Satan expelled from Heaven?

Satan was a cherub, one of God's most powerful angels, who openly rebels against God. Satan is jealous of God's omniscient status and pridefully wants to be exalted above God. Satan believes that he is God's equal and has the ambition to pursue his vain wishes. In a sense, Satan chooses to be expelled from heaven because he thinks "It is better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven." Satan's pride...

Satan was a cherub, one of God's most powerful angels, who openly rebels against God. Satan is jealous of God's omniscient status and pridefully wants to be exalted above God. Satan believes that he is God's equal and has the ambition to pursue his vain wishes. In a sense, Satan chooses to be expelled from heaven because he thinks "It is better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven." Satan's pride is responsible for his choice. He has faith in his own intellect above God's sovereignty and does not want to "serve" the Most High. Satan is content with attempting to ruin God's creation, humans, as a way to revenge his loss. In the book of Isaiah, Satan's intentions are described as it is written,

"For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High."(Isaiah 14.13-14)

The anaphora "I" at the beginning of each verse reveals Satan's prideful nature. He is exclusively concerned with how he feels and believes he should be exalted instead of serving God. After Satan falls from Heaven with his band of angels who choose to follow him, he accepts his fate and does not repent.

what was Fredrick Douglas know for after slavery?

Frederick Douglass is most well known for his activism in abolishing slavery and his support of women's suffrage. He spoke regularly on slavery and published several books on his life and experience with and escape from enslavement.

Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born in Maryland in 1818 to a mother in enslavement. This meant that Frederick, too, was a slave, but he was afforded some small privilege when he was selected to work in the...

Frederick Douglass is most well known for his activism in abolishing slavery and his support of women's suffrage. He spoke regularly on slavery and published several books on his life and experience with and escape from enslavement.

Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born in Maryland in 1818 to a mother in enslavement. This meant that Frederick, too, was a slave, but he was afforded some small privilege when he was selected to work in the home of Hugh Auld. Auld's wife Sophia taught Frederick the alphabet, something which was illegal at the time. Frederick continued learning to read and write from white children after Auld forbade his wife to teach him. Frederick's literacy greatly contributed to his accomplishments in later life. 

In 1838, at the age of twenty, Frederick successfully escaped slavery when he fled to New York, a free state. He later moved on to Massachusetts and took the surname of Douglass. After his escape, Frederick Douglass began speaking at abolitionist meetings and throughout the free states about his life and the evils of slavery. In 1845 he wrote an autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Throughout his life he would revise and publish two more autobiographies.

Douglass published several abolitionist newspapers in his life and was an activist and supporter for women's rights. After the Emancipation Proclamation took effect in 1863, Douglass advised President Lincoln on the treatment of black soldiers during the Civil War conflicts. Douglass was the first African American man to hold a high-ranking office position in the United States government, serving as charge d'affaires for the Dominican Republic, consul general of the Republic of Haiti, and he was even nominated for vice president, though without his knowledge.

In Act 2 of The Crucible, where does John Proctor decide to go and what does he plan to do there?

John initially decides to go to the village to speak to Abigail Williams, their erstwhile maid, at his wife's insistence. The Proctors have just heard from their current maid, Mary Warren, who is now an official of the court as a witness in the trials, that someone had accused Elizabeth of witchcraft. She refuses to mention the accuser's name but Elizabeth suspects that it is Abigail. She asks John:

John, with so many in the jail, more than Cheever's help is needed now, I think. Would you favor me with this? Go to Abigail.

Elizabeth is afraid that Abigail wants her dead and she wishes John to break whatever attachment Abigail thinks she still has with him by calling her a whore:

Then go and tell her she's a whore. Whatever promise she may sense - break it, John, break it.

Elizabeth accuses John of being unwilling to go and he becomes angry, telling her that she should not begrudge him his anger and think him base. He tells her that his anger is justified since doing what Elizabeth demands speaks of deceit. He had never promised Abigail anything and gaver her only

The promise that a stallion gives a mare ... 

He believes that Elizabeth will always hold his adultery against him and that he will never be free of her suspicion.

Elizabeth then passionately cries out:

You'll tear it free - when you come to know that I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! She has an arrow in you yet, John Proctor, and you know it well!

At this point, Reverend Hale arrives and the argument ends. Later, Ezekiel Cheever and Marshal herrick arrive to serve a warrant of arrest on Elizabeth. They had been told that Elizabeth had used a poppet to harm Abigail, who had cried out at dinner that night. A needle was found stuck in her stomach and she accused Elizabeth of having used the doll to perform witchcraft. A poppet is found with a needle stuck in its belly and when Elizabeth hears that it was Abigail who had accused her she cries out:

Why - ! The girl is mur-der! She must be ripped out of the world!

This, to Cheever, is ample proof that Elizabeth wants to harm Abigail and he is ready to execute the warrant. John angrily tears it up but Elizabeth tells him that she will go with the officers. She is then arrested.

John then decides that he will go to court the next day to defend Elizabeth. he insists that Mary Warren should accompany him to give evidence of Abigail's deceit. Mary had been fashioning the doll whilst in court and Abigail was sitting next to her, witnessing how she stuck the needle into the doll's stomach for safekeeping. John also intends to tell the court that Abigail had told him their accusations had nothing to do with witchcraft. He wishes to prove that Abigail is a liar and a fraud.

It is tragic that John's efforts come to nothing for Abigail and the other girls soon overwhelm Mary Warren and she turns against him. Furthermore, his attempts at proving Abigail's malevolence are a failure since Elizabeth unknowingly lies to the court, thinking that she was saving her husband. John is arrested and later also accused of witchcraft. He is ultimately hanged.

If saccharin is bad and causes diabetes, how have I not contracted it after at least 45 years' use?

Saying that saccharin consumption is associated with a higher risk for diabetes does not necessarily mean that an individual person will contract diabetes after consuming saccharin for forty-five years, as you state you have done. Rather, it means that, on average, a person is much more likely to contract diabetes than an average person who has never consumed saccharin or other comparable artificial sweeteners.

The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study linked above found that daily...

Saying that saccharin consumption is associated with a higher risk for diabetes does not necessarily mean that an individual person will contract diabetes after consuming saccharin for forty-five years, as you state you have done. Rather, it means that, on average, a person is much more likely to contract diabetes than an average person who has never consumed saccharin or other comparable artificial sweeteners.

The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study linked above found that daily consumption of diet drinks (the vehicle through which most people consume artificial sweeteners such as saccharin) was correlated with a 67% increased risk for type 2 diabetes. This is a very serious risk, and just because a person has not contracted diabetes yet, it does not mean that they will not contract it in the future or that it is safe to continue consuming artificial sweeteners. Some smokers do not contract lung cancer, for instance, but that does not mean it is safe to adopt a smoking habit.

I am not sure if this question is a personal question or a question you are supposed to write a response to on an assignment, but if you are concerned with the health risks of saccharin, you should consult your doctor or personal healthcare provider.

Why is this story called "Sonny's Blues"?

The title of this bittersweet story is a play on words by author James Baldwin. The word "blues" has two meanings.  First, it refers to being down or depressed, as we say that someone has the blues. In this story, Sonny is down in many ways, with a difficult childhood, a drug addiction, an imprisonment for several years, and a brother who is judgmental more often than not. Second, the word "blues" refers to a...

The title of this bittersweet story is a play on words by author James Baldwin. The word "blues" has two meanings.  First, it refers to being down or depressed, as we say that someone has the blues. In this story, Sonny is down in many ways, with a difficult childhood, a drug addiction, an imprisonment for several years, and a brother who is judgmental more often than not. Second, the word "blues" refers to a form of music, the origin of which is credited to African-Americans, whose music reflected the sadness, difficulty, and tragedy of their lives during and after slavery in the United States. The very best blues singers were African-American, people such as B.B. King and Bessie Smith, who are gone now, but there are many fine African-American blues singers alive today. Since Sonny was a musician as well, the other meaning of "blues" refers to his music and his musical talent. As the story ends, one is led to hope that the music of Sonny's blues will be enough to pull him out of his emotional blues.

Consider Sylvia's grandmother. Define her relationship with Sylvia. How is her relationship with her son relevant to her relationship with Sylvia?

The relationship between Sylvia and her grandmother is a good one.  Mrs. Tilley seems to possess a better understanding of Sylvia and what makes her happy than Sylvia's mother did.  Sylvia's mother, it seems, had told Mrs. Tilley that she was "'Afraid of folks'" when Mrs. Tilley made the "unlikely choice" of Sylvia from her daughter's houseful of children.  However, Sylvia had "tried to grow for eight years in [the] crowded manufacturing town," and only...

The relationship between Sylvia and her grandmother is a good one.  Mrs. Tilley seems to possess a better understanding of Sylvia and what makes her happy than Sylvia's mother did.  Sylvia's mother, it seems, had told Mrs. Tilley that she was "'Afraid of folks'" when Mrs. Tilley made the "unlikely choice" of Sylvia from her daughter's houseful of children.  However, Sylvia had "tried to grow for eight years in [the] crowded manufacturing town," and only seemed to come "alive" when she moved to the farm.  Mrs. Tilley clearly saw something in Sylvia that no one else had, and her choice was a great one.

It seems that Mrs. Tilley didn't have as much time with her son, Dan, as she would have liked.  She tells the stranger, "'Dan an' his father didn't hitch, -- but [her husband] never held up his head ag'in after Dan had dared him an' gone off.'"  Therefore, we can understand that Mr. Tilley and his son, Dan, didn't get along very well, and, at some point, things came to a head and Dan left home, never to return.  Now, however, Mrs. Tilley gets to have a second chance at a relationship with someone who "'the wild creatur's counts [as] one o'themselves'" since "'Sylvia takes after him.'"

`int t sinh(mt) dt` Evaluate the integral

To help you solve this, we consider the the integration by parts:

`int u * dv = uv - int v* du`

Let `u = t`  and `dv = sinh(mt) dt.`

based from `int t*sinh(mt) dt` for` int u*dv`

In this integral, the "m" will be treated as constant since it is integrated with respect to "t".

 From `u = t` , then `du = dt`

From `dv = sinh(mt) dt` , then  int dv...

To help you solve this, we consider the the integration by parts:

`int u * dv = uv - int v* du`

Let `u = t`  and `dv = sinh(mt) dt.`

based from `int t*sinh(mt) dt` for` int u*dv`

In this integral, the "m" will be treated as constant since it is integrated with respect to "t".

 From `u = t` , then `du = dt`

From `dv = sinh(mt) dt` , then  int dv = v

In` int sinh(mt) dt` , let `w = mt`  then `dw= m dt`  or `dt= (dw)/m`

Substitute `w = mt ` and `dt = (dw)/m`

`int sinh(mt) dt ` =` int (sinh(w)dw)/m`

                         =` (1/m) int sinh(w) dw `    

based from  c is constant in`int c f(x) dx=c int f(x) dx +C`

`(1/w) int sinh(w) dw = (1/w) cosh(w) +C`

 Substitute `w = mt` , it becomes `v = 1/(m)cosh(mt)+C`

  Then:

`u = t `

`du = dt`

`dv = sinh(mt) dt`

`v = 1/(m)cosh(mt)`

Plug into the integration by parts: `int u * dv = uv - int v* du`

`int t* sinh(mt) dt = t*1/(m)cosh(mt) - int 1/mcosh(mt) dt`

                            `= t/mcosh(mt) - 1/mint cosh(mt) dt`

                            `= t/mcosh(mt) - 1/m*1/msinh(mt)+C`

                            = `t/mcosh(mt) - 1/m^2 sinh(mt) +C`

                          =   `(mtcosh(mt) -sinh(mt))/m^2 +C`

How does Waverly's mother try to influence her children's lives?

There is no doubt that Mrs. Jong tried to influence her children.  From the beginning of the story, Waverly stated that her mother taught her the art of invisible strength, which was supposed to help win arguments and win respect from people.  Waverly was six years old.  This shows us that Mrs. Jong took interest right away. 

Here is another example.  Waverly also recounts a story of when she threw a temper tantrum at the...

There is no doubt that Mrs. Jong tried to influence her children.  From the beginning of the story, Waverly stated that her mother taught her the art of invisible strength, which was supposed to help win arguments and win respect from people.  Waverly was six years old.  This shows us that Mrs. Jong took interest right away. 

Here is another example.  Waverly also recounts a story of when she threw a temper tantrum at the market when she wanted salted plums.  Her mother scolded her and told her to bite back her tongue.  Later when Waverly was at the same store and wanted the same thing (plums) and did not throw a tantrum, her mother bought her the plums. 

When Waverly started to play chess, Mrs. Jong supported her.  She made her a dress, gave her a good luck charm, took away her chores, and much more.  All of this shows that she wanted to help and influence her children.

Using two direct quotes, what are the negative effects of colonization in Achebe's Things Fall Apart?

Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart portrays the tragic story of Okonkwo, a strong-willed warrior who is unwilling to adapt to the changing social conditions that are the result of colonialism. White Christian missionaries enter Umuofia and their influence rapidly changes the face of the region. Tribal elders initially treat Christian missionaries derisively, but soon see the error in their ways:

“And even in the matter of religion there was a growing feeling that there might...

Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart portrays the tragic story of Okonkwo, a strong-willed warrior who is unwilling to adapt to the changing social conditions that are the result of colonialism. White Christian missionaries enter Umuofia and their influence rapidly changes the face of the region. Tribal elders initially treat Christian missionaries derisively, but soon see the error in their ways:

“And even in the matter of religion there was a growing feeling that there might be something in it after all, something vaguely akin to method in the overwhelming madness” (178).

Along with Christianity, white settlers also bring in European models of government into Umuofia. The District Commissioner quickly alters the judicial system of the area. The European judicial system disregards the customs of the natives, and imposes an arbitrary set of rules on the tribes of the area. Okonkwo grows increasingly frustrated at these elements of the community, and this drives him to suicide. Obierika blames the District Commissioner, and white settlers in general, for Okonkwo’s death

“That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself, and now he will be buried like a dog” (208).

Thus, the negative elements of colonialism are pervasive and alter the customs and traditions of Umuofia.

How did Johnny, Darry, Dally, and Ponyboy's personality change from the beginning of the novel to the end?

Throughout the novel The Outsiders, the main characters' attitudes and personalities change from the beginning to the end the book. At the beginning of the novel, Johnny is a scared, sympathetic boy who is nervous and viewed as the "gang's pet." By the end of the novel, Johnny is regarded as a hero who courageously entered a burning building to save several children. Darryis the strict, insensitive older brother who does not take...

Throughout the novel The Outsiders, the main characters' attitudes and personalities change from the beginning to the end the book. At the beginning of the novel, Johnny is a scared, sympathetic boy who is nervous and viewed as the "gang's pet." By the end of the novel, Johnny is regarded as a hero who courageously entered a burning building to save several children. Darry is the strict, insensitive older brother who does not take Ponyboy's feelings into consideration at the beginning of the novel. At the end of the novel, Darry understands Ponyboy, and displays his love and affection for his brothers instead of remaining callous. At the beginning of the novel, Dally is a criminal, who cares about nothing and nobody. Towards the end of the novel, Pony views Dally as gallant and courageous for helping the boys run away and saving Johnny from the fire. Dally also displays his sympathy and love for Johnny following his accident. Ponyboy is absent minded and naive at the beginning of the novel. He doesn't fully understand why Darry is hard on him and thinks his brother hates him. He also has narrow views regarding the members of the Soc gang and their home lives. By the end of the novel Pony realizes that Darry is a caring brother who only wants what is best for him. He also views the members of the Soc gang as typical individuals that have their own set of problems.

In the book "Lyddie" what is one theme in each chapter?

The way that I read your question is that it is asking for a single theme that is present in each of the book's chapters.  Normally, I might say that is not possible with a book, but it is possible to do with Lyddie. The reason for that is because each chapter of the book is focused on Lyddie and her actions.  The theme that I would go with is determination or inner strength.  Beginning...

The way that I read your question is that it is asking for a single theme that is present in each of the book's chapters.  Normally, I might say that is not possible with a book, but it is possible to do with Lyddie.  The reason for that is because each chapter of the book is focused on Lyddie and her actions.  The theme that I would go with is determination or inner strength.  Beginning in chapter one, Lyddie proves to the reader that she is a very brave, resourceful, and determined young lady.  While her family is cowering from the bear intrusion, Lyddie finds the inner resolve to save her family.  That inner strength carries her on through the winter while caring for the family farm.  It carries her on through her awful time at the tavern, and it for sure is why she excels at her work in the mills.  Lyddie simply doesn't know how to quit, and that is shown in each chapter of the book. 

Why was the Battle of Lexington and Concord the most important battle?

While Lexington and Concord were important battles, it would be hard to support the statement that they were the most important battles. The battles at Lexington and at Concord took place before the Revolutionary War started. These battles made it very clear that a peaceful solution was most likely not going to happen. It became clear that war with Great Britain was inevitable.

The Battle of Saratoga would be an important battle. The British tried...

While Lexington and Concord were important battles, it would be hard to support the statement that they were the most important battles. The battles at Lexington and at Concord took place before the Revolutionary War started. These battles made it very clear that a peaceful solution was most likely not going to happen. It became clear that war with Great Britain was inevitable.

The Battle of Saratoga would be an important battle. The British tried to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. When the British lost the battle at Saratoga, it allowed France and Spain to decide to help us fight against the British. An American victory would be a blow to Britain. Spain and France were rivals of the British.

Clearly the battle at Yorktown was critical because it ended the Revolutionary War. When the British were surrounded at Yorktown, they surrendered. This led to the peace treaty that gave us our independence. This would be viewed as a very important battle, if not as the most important battle.

Thus, while the battles at Lexington and at Concord were significant, it would be difficult to say they were the most important battles we fought against the British.

Should British police officers carry guns?

Being an American, it is not my place to suggest that a foreign country with a long-standing tradition of not arming its police officers -- mainly patrol or beat officers known as "bobbies" after their style of hat -- should reverse that position and begin routinely arming those officers. Britain's policy of deploying unarmed police to patrol city streets goes back almost two hundred years, and the overwhelming majority of its serving police officers would like that tradition to continue. The policy of deploying unarmed officers was born of the liberal democratic notion of enforcing laws with the consent of the public it serves. To routinely carry firearms, they argue, would send the wrong message to the public and would seriously detract from law enforcement's acknowledgement that it enforces laws with the consent of the public. Therefore, most officers support maintaining the status quo arrangement.

It is important, when discussing the British practice of policing its city streets with unarmed officers, to note that, relative to levels of violent crime in the United States and many other countries, the British have less of a problem in this regard. Additionally, and significantly, the British have security agencies that are armed and that specializing in dealing with violent crime as well as with the perennial problem of terrorism. Decades of experience combating the Irish Republic Army terrorist organization, as well as infiltrating and prosecuting Britain’s sometimes-violent organized criminal gangs, have provided the British internal and external security establishments with considerable expertise in dealing with violent groups. In short, when they need to put firepower on their streets, the British are capable and prepared to do what they deem necessary.

There have been instances over the years in which the death of British law enforcement officers has caused some to question their existing policy regarding unarmed police officers. As the attached articles note, the recent Paris terrorist attacks have placed a particularly onerous burden on British law enforcement and security organizations, and the changing demographics of British population centers – in effect, far greater numbers of immigrants from Islamic nations that reject the liberal British culture to which they have emigrated – have changed the calculus with respect to the issue of arming police officers. Again, however, the British have a great deal of experience monitoring and containing subversive elements within their society. Britain’s MI5 internal security service is among the best in the world at protecting its nation against internal threats without unduly infringing the population’s rights, and the Metropolitan Police Service, known popularly as New Scotland Yard, is equally effective at investigating all matter of violent crime.

The day may come when the British attitude regarding its police forces changes and officers are issued firearms on a routine basis. For now, however, one should heed the advice of those closest to the issue, the police officers themselves, and retain the current policy. When the British determine that a situation demands the use of deadly force, they are quite proficient at executing such a mandate.

How does independent assortment and crossing over result in genetic diversity?

When two or more characteristics are inherited, the separation of one homologue does not affect the separation of another homologue into the gametes (sperm and eggs) that are produced during meiosis. This phenomenon is called independent assortment. Genetic variation results from independent assortment because it results in the shuffling of chromosomes into various gametes.

Crossing over occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. Thus, chromosomes are formed that contain genes from both parents. These are...

When two or more characteristics are inherited, the separation of one homologue does not affect the separation of another homologue into the gametes (sperm and eggs) that are produced during meiosis. This phenomenon is called independent assortment. Genetic variation results from independent assortment because it results in the shuffling of chromosomes into various gametes.

Crossing over occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. Thus, chromosomes are formed that contain genes from both parents. These are referred to as recombinants. This occurs during prophase of meiosis I. Again, the result is a shuffling of genetic material. Thus, genetic variation increases.

A third way in which genetic variation increases is through random fertilization. Random fertilization refers to the probability that any one sperm can fertilize the egg.

Explain how a Forensic Psychologist prepares the profile of a serial killer.

Forensic psychologists contrast with forensic scientists, who collect and study physical evidence associated with a crime. Forensic psychologists are interest, as the name suggests, in the mental profiles of perpetrators and victims of crimes. Understanding many crimes, especially violent crimes involving murder and/or rape, is essential to forensic psychologists for developing profiles of the types of individuals most likely to engage in such crimes.

It can be difficult to ascertain the reasons why an individual has engaged in violent criminal activity, even when that individual is in custody and subject to interrogation. Developing profiles of unknown violent criminals, whose identities are not yet determined, is even harder and another matter altogether. That is why forensic psychologists study histories of known criminals from the past and present. In order to understand why a particular crime or series of crimes is occurring or has occurred, it is essential to develop a profile framework for the specific personality and physical traits of individuals known to have committed a given type of criminal activity.

In a case of homicide, a forensic psychologist, as with other investigators associated with the case, will carefully study the physical evidence for any particular sign or mark of a quirk or signature that may indicate a personality trait or that a specific type of personality was behind the crime. For example, does the perpetrator have a pattern of carving something into the skin of the victims, or does he or she (usually a he) intentionally or inadvertently leave behind some form of DNA evidence such as saliva (e.g., does he bite his victims in the course of the rape and/or murder)? Does the perpetrator leave behind notes intended to explain his actions or to taunt the police officers he knows will be seeking to identify and capture him. It is the responsibility of the forensic psychologist to study this evidence and, drawing from experience and knowledge of past cases and criminals, develop a profile of the specific perpetrator that can help to narrow down a field of suspects and eventually identify the correct individual.

For example, if a forensic psychologist is able to determine that the perpetrator acted violently in a calm state, as opposed to an agitated, possibly irrational state, then the investigative team knows that it may be dealing with a seriously psychotic individual who feels no remorse whatsoever over his actions, or they (the investigators) may be dealing with a professional who knows how to cover his tracks in a more methodical way than would be the case for an agitated criminal who, acting more impulsively, leaves behind more physical evidence of his crime, such as fingerprints, hair, bodily fluids, etc.

Forensic psychologists are also important to the process by which captured suspects are interrogated and studied for potential signs of guilt. By observing the interrogation of the suspect, the psychologist, again applying knowledge and insights gleaned from previous experiences and studies, is able to help other investigators determine with a higher level of accuracy whether the suspect in custody is fabricating statements or is, in fact, telling the truth. It is not just the words emanating from the mouth of the suspect, but his or her visual "signatures" that helps forensic psychologist interrogator determine the nature of the individual with whom he or she is interacting. Whether the suspect is calm and deliberative, or appears agitated, nervous, ill-at-ease, is important in determining the suspect's state of mind. Does he or she appear delusional, or is he or she merely lying to avoid further suspicion? All of this is instrumental in narrowing a field of suspects and identifying the one guilty party.

At the end of evidence analysis and psychological analysis, the forensic psychologist puts together a report identifying the salient characteristics of the criminal being sought. Those characteristics include gender, employment, motivation (such as revenge), psychological pathology (such as post trauma stress syndrome or paranoia), age, personal traits (such as habits, cleanliness, clothing), nationality, educational experience, marital status, living arrangements (such as living alone, living with strangers who are roommates, living with relatives), parental status (such as divorced, dead, still living). The forensic psychologist puts the elements all together and (from the psychological, physical, social, personal picture presented) makes a prediction of what might be expected to be true when the person is arrested, such as they might be at a cinema, might be drunk and disorderly, might be impeccably dressed. Psychologist James A. Brussel made the first criminal psychological profile, profiling a serial bomber, in the 1940s, establishing the model for psychological profiles and correctly predicting that the bomber would be "wearing a buttoned up double breasted jacket" when arrested.

In Gathering Blue, what did the Song of Ruin tell about and when can it be heard?

The Ruin Song chronicles the history of people and life on earth from the beginning to the present. Because most people in Kira's society are illiterate, the Ruin Song is the way the culture preserves and passes on its history. Once a year, at the Annual Gathering, all the people of the community assemble in the Council Edifice to listen as the official Singer chants and sings the song. The performance lasts the entire day.

...

The Ruin Song chronicles the history of people and life on earth from the beginning to the present. Because most people in Kira's society are illiterate, the Ruin Song is the way the culture preserves and passes on its history. Once a year, at the Annual Gathering, all the people of the community assemble in the Council Edifice to listen as the official Singer chants and sings the song. The performance lasts the entire day.

The Ruin Song relates centuries of history. It speaks of the Ruin, an apocalyptic event in which skyscrapers tumbled, cracks appeared in the ground, and explosions and fire lit the sky. Jamison sings part of the song to Kira in chapter 18: "Burn, scourged world,/ Furious furnace,/ Inferno impure." He recites another section that begins "Ravaged all" and lists the names of ruined cities: Bogota, Baltimore, and Toronto. That section shows that large cities on the continents of North and South America were destroyed in the cataclysm.

The Ruin Song depicts what must have been a world war, possibly including the use of nuclear weapons, that destroyed the entire American society and resulted in the loss of technology for Kira's people.

What are some example of loss in Of Mice and Men?

Of Mice and Men is replete with examples of loss. In fact, most, if not all, of the characters have experienced loss in the past or experience it in the course of the novella. Additionally, some of these losses add to the bigger theme of the unattainable American Dream.

The first example of loss can be seen with Candy and the death of his dog. When Carlson insists on shooting it because he "stinks," Candy responds,...

Of Mice and Men is replete with examples of loss. In fact, most, if not all, of the characters have experienced loss in the past or experience it in the course of the novella. Additionally, some of these losses add to the bigger theme of the unattainable American Dream.

The first example of loss can be seen with Candy and the death of his dog. When Carlson insists on shooting it because he "stinks," Candy responds, "I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup. I herded sheep with him." Through his persistence, Carlson finally gets the okay to kill the animal, leaving Candy on his bed, rolled over facing the wall and silent. He has ultimately lost his only friend and companion in an already lonely ranch.

Later, in chapter 5, we learn that Curley's wife once had the hope of becoming an actress but lost that dream when her mother made it impossible for her to achieve it. She indicates to Lennie that a man she once met "said he was gonna put (her) in the movies." When this didn't happen, her desperation to get out of her mother's home led her to ultimately marry Curley the same night she met him. Now that she's trapped on the ranch and has forever lost the opportunity to become an actress, she goes on to list all of the things she could have done if she had succeeded, such as had nice clothes, gone to movie previews, and "sat" in hotels, all losses in her book.

Finally, at the end of the novel, Candy and George both realize that, with the death of Curley's wife, they have lost their chance at the American Dream, their farm. Candy asks, "You an' me we can get that little place, can't we, George?" He soon answers his own question. "Candy dropped his head and looked down at the hay. He knew."

In the novel The Great Gatsby, what are the advantages and effects of using Nick as a first-person narrator?

There are many advantages of using Nick Carraway as the narrator in the novel The Great Gatsby. At the very beginning, we learn that Nick had been taught by his father to reserve his judgement of others, especially those who weren't as privileged as he was:

“Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.” (Chapter 1)

Nick...

There are many advantages of using Nick Carraway as the narrator in the novel The Great Gatsby. At the very beginning, we learn that Nick had been taught by his father to reserve his judgement of others, especially those who weren't as privileged as he was:

“Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.” (Chapter 1)

Nick is the quintessential observer, the outsider who sees all that goes on around him and yet manages to remain objective, at least until he meets Jay Gatsby, for whom he develops an affection and a friendship. Nick is also true to himself and is not swayed by the wealthy crowd nor tempted to do things that would go against his proper Midwestern upbringing.

“Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope.” (Chapter 1)

"I am one of the few honest people I have ever known." (Chapter 3)

Nick is also much more reliable than the other characters in the novel. He is more grounded and represents a hard-working individual. While Gatsby and the Buchanans are self-indulgent and lead ostentatious life styles, Nick is a man of more modest means with a practical nature. The effect of having Nick be the narrator is that we, the readers, can identify with someone like him, the more "normal" character in the novel. For these reasons, Nick is a natural choice for narrator. 

What is the purpose of the foreword by Francis Mauriac?

Mauriac introduces Night and its narrator Elie Wiesel, who was a journalist at the time of their meeting. Mauriac draws the reader to the strengths of Nightas a sequence of events that occurred to Elie, and his personal account of life during the holocaust. Mauriac met Elie after accepting an interview from him. At the time, Mauriac was wary of interviews with foreign journalists. However, the interview with Elie was different because he was...

Mauriac introduces Night and its narrator Elie Wiesel, who was a journalist at the time of their meeting. Mauriac draws the reader to the strengths of Night as a sequence of events that occurred to Elie, and his personal account of life during the holocaust. Mauriac met Elie after accepting an interview from him. At the time, Mauriac was wary of interviews with foreign journalists. However, the interview with Elie was different because he was a survivor of the Holocaust.

They talked about the German Occupation of France, which for him was a tumultuous period. Mauriac only heard of events of the Holocaust from his wife, but Elie presented him with an opportunity to get a firsthand account of the events. Mauriac asserted that Elie gave a human face to the impact of the Holocaust on the Jewish community and humanity at large. Mauriac also addressed the loss of faith by the narrator due to the experience and admitted to his inability to adequately explain his beliefs because of the magnitude of Elie’s personal story.

If the Almighty is the Almighty, the last word for each of us belongs to Him. That is what I should have said to the Jewish child. But all I could do was embrace him and weep. - Mauriac

The Open Window Plot Diagram

"The Open Window" by Saki is a short story about a dual-layered practical joke a young woman (Vera) plays on an unsuspecting visitor. The plot points can be broken up according to the plot triangle as follows:

Exposition: A man named Framton Nuttel is visiting the Sappletons. He must wait for Mrs. Sappleton, so 15-year old Vera keeps him company.

"'My aunt will be down presently, Mr. [Framton] Nuttel,' said a very self-possessed young...

"The Open Window" by Saki is a short story about a dual-layered practical joke a young woman (Vera) plays on an unsuspecting visitor. The plot points can be broken up according to the plot triangle as follows:

Exposition: A man named Framton Nuttel is visiting the Sappletons. He must wait for Mrs. Sappleton, so 15-year old Vera keeps him company.

"'My aunt will be down presently, Mr. [Framton] Nuttel,' said a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen, 'in the meantime you must try and put up with me.'"

Rising Action: Vera explains the tragedy, and tells Framton that they keep the window open in memory of Mr. Sappleton. After talking with Vera for a while, Nuttel is introduced to Mrs. Sappleton. Mrs. Sappleton talks on about her husband and brothers, who Vera has just explained are dead. Framton believes Mrs. Sappleton is insane, and tries to avoid the subject of the husband.

"She rattled on cheerfully about the shooting and scarcity of birds...to Framton it was all purely horrible."

Climax: As the sun begins setting, three figures walk across the lawn and can be seen from the window.

"In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window, they all carried guns under their arms."

Falling Action: Framton, frightened upon realizing the figures are the ghosts of the Sappletons, grabs his things and leaves the house to escape the assumed ghosts.

"Framton grabbed wildly at his stick and hat; the hall door, the gravel dive, and the front gate were dimly noted stages in his headlong retreat."

'A most extraordinary man, Mr. Nuttel,' said Mrs. Sappleton...'One would think he had seen a ghost.'"

Resolution: The family thinks Framton is crazy because he ran away, and it is revealed that the Sappleton "ghosts" are just figments of Vera's "romance at short notice" (skill at telling stories).

Where can I find examples of firms that uses the market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly in the...

Let me give examples of firms from each of these market structures, though there really are not any firms that are truly in perfect competition.

The closest that we come to having firms in perfect competition is probably the farm sector.  In the farm sector, there is really not much to differentiate one farmer’s produce from another.  All wheat of a certain variety, grown in a certain place is essentially identical so there is no...

Let me give examples of firms from each of these market structures, though there really are not any firms that are truly in perfect competition.

The closest that we come to having firms in perfect competition is probably the farm sector.  In the farm sector, there is really not much to differentiate one farmer’s produce from another.  All wheat of a certain variety, grown in a certain place is essentially identical so there is no way to differentiate between firms.  All eggs that are of a certain USDA grade are essentially identical.  Firms that supply such products are as close as we come to perfect competition.

Monopolistic competition can be seen all around us.  It is not a market structure for big firms with famous names because it is characterized by the presence of many small firms.  The best example of this would be restaurants.  While there are large chain restaurants, there are also many small, locally-owned restaurants that compete with one another and with the large chains. 

Oligopoly is the market structure with the most recognizable firm names.  In an oligopoly, there are only a few firms that control the majority of the market.  The car industry is a good example of this.  There are really very few major auto makers in the world and fewer in the United States.  Another oligopoly would be the makers of operating systems for computers.  There are only two major makers of such operating systems as practically all computers run on either Windows or on Apple’s OS.  A third oligopoly would be airlines, since there are relatively few major airlines in the US.

Monopolies can be found in most American cities.  Typically, there is one firm that enjoys a monopoly on cable TV services, a firm that has a monopoly for providing water, one that has a monopoly on electricity, and so on. Each of these firms has been granted a monopoly by the government and is the only firm that can provide that particular good or service.

How would you feel if you meet a friend after twenty years?

Having had this experience, depending on the relationship you once had, this meeting can be either awkward or you can pick up where you left off without any trouble.  The woman I met after such a long time had been a card playing friend whom I enjoyed as a person.  She was funny, kind, and willing to answer questions about kids as she was a nurse.  We lost touch when I quit playing cards, once...

Having had this experience, depending on the relationship you once had, this meeting can be either awkward or you can pick up where you left off without any trouble.  The woman I met after such a long time had been a card playing friend whom I enjoyed as a person.  She was funny, kind, and willing to answer questions about kids as she was a nurse.  We lost touch when I quit playing cards, once I moved to a full time teaching job.  She also went from part-time to full-time. 

When I accidentally ran into her at a store, I was quite pleased to see her.  We shared stories of our kids, stories of our work lives and stories of our husbands.  Shortly thereafter, she told me that her husband had cancer.  I supported her emotionally for several months to help her through this awful experience.  I felt glad to do this as I had lost two sisters to cancer.  It was hard to do as she and I had missed twenty years of each other's lives, but the effort worked as it was a shared experience. 

I was glad to do it, she was glad to have me, but after he died, she again disappeared out of my life.  I still have no idea why, but it is what it is.  I still feel sad that she won't answer calls or email, but she is entitled to do as she wishes.  I still think of her, but have learned to leave her alone as that is her choice.  This is how I felt when meeting a friend after twenty years.  My own experience helps shed light on why Jimmy, a policeman, was reluctant to acknowledge Bob, a wanted criminal, and be the one to arrest him after a distanced twenty-year friendship. 

Describe the relationship between Tom and Daisy Buchanan from the novel The Great Gatsby.

Tom and Daisy Buchanan have a marriage of convenience.  Tom likes the idea of a beautiful and socially savvy wife; while Daisy enjoys having a wealthy and well-connected husband.  Their relationship is toxic and unhealthy, yet they seem to have no intention of working to make it better.

Tom is publicly unfaithful and has been so since their honeymoon.  He had a fling with a maid in a Santa Barbara hotel where he and Daisy were guests that ended up in the newspaper after the two had a car accident in which the maid broke her arm (a little foreshadowing, perhaps?).  Later, we find out that Tom even carouses publicly, not caring who knows about his promiscuity:

The fact that he had one [mistress] was insisted upon wherever he was known. His acquaintances resented the fact that he turned up in popular restaurants with her and, leaving her at a table, sauntered about, chatting with whomever he knew.

Apparently, Tom is also abusive to Daisy:

We all looked – the knuckle was black and blue. 

"You did it, Tom," she said accusingly. "I know you didn't mean to, but you did do it."

But Daisy can not be counted completely innocent.  On the night before her wedding to Tom, she knew that she was in love with Gatsby, but she also knew that at the time, he had little money.  So in the bright light of the next morning, she got up, put on the string of pearls that Tom had bought her, and married him anyway.  Perhaps, then, Daisy is guilty at the least of emotional infidelity.

This couple is just a mess.  They trample on each other and on all those around them, and they find myriad excuses for their behavior.  Tom sums it up when he explains why his cheating is really meaningless:

"And what's more, I love Daisy too. Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time."

Is there a quote that describes Zeebo in To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Chapter 12, Calpurnia takes Jem and Scout to First Purchase African M.E. Church for Sunday service. After a short run-in with the ornery Lula, Zeebo appears from the crowd and kindly welcomes the children to the church. Scout recognizes Zeebo because he is their garbage man. After everyone is seated, Zeebo gets up from one of the pews and begins to lead the church in singing the hymn "There's a Land Beyond the River."...

In Chapter 12, Calpurnia takes Jem and Scout to First Purchase African M.E. Church for Sunday service. After a short run-in with the ornery Lula, Zeebo appears from the crowd and kindly welcomes the children to the church. Scout recognizes Zeebo because he is their garbage man. After everyone is seated, Zeebo gets up from one of the pews and begins to lead the church in singing the hymn "There's a Land Beyond the River." Scout is astonished to find out that in the African American church they have no hymnals and use a technique called "lining." Lining is when the leader sings one line of the hymn, and the choir repeats the line back. Scout describes Zeebo by mentioning,

"Zeebo was Calpurnia's eldest son. If I had ever thought about it, I would have known that Calpurnia was of mature years---Zeebo had half grown children---but then I had never thought about it." (Lee 166)

Calpurnia taught Zeebo how to read using only the Bible and Blackstone's Commentaries, which is a very difficult book to read. Jem and Scout are impressed that Calpurnia taught him using those books, and begin to look at Cal in a new way. The children enjoy their time at First Purchase African M.E. and gain valuable perspective into the lives of the black members of their community.

Why would the Lucas' reaction to their daughter's engagement in Pride and Prejudice be considered socially inappropriate?

Little in the text indicates that Lucas's reaction to Charlotte's engagement was socially inappropriate, but we do get a hint of Lady Lucas crowing excessively over her success in the following line:

Lady Lucas ...called at Longbourn rather oftener than usual to say how happy she was.

This might be considered inappropriate because Charlotte's fiance, Mr. Collins, was heir to the Longbourn estate, meaning Charlotte and Mr. Collins would, upon Mr. Bennet's death, have the...

Little in the text indicates that Lucas's reaction to Charlotte's engagement was socially inappropriate, but we do get a hint of Lady Lucas crowing excessively over her success in the following line:

Lady Lucas ...called at Longbourn rather oftener than usual to say how happy she was.

This might be considered inappropriate because Charlotte's fiance, Mr. Collins, was heir to the Longbourn estate, meaning Charlotte and Mr. Collins would, upon Mr. Bennet's death, have the legal right to immediately cast Mrs. Bennet and her daughters out of their home. Reminding Mrs. Bennet of this fact could be seen as insensitive, certainly not of the highest order of social graciousness. On the other hand, Mrs. Bennet had, through the earlier part of the novel, dished out rudeness almost constantly to Mrs. Lucas, bragging insufferably about her own daughters' prospects and making condescending remarks about Charlotte, a person everyone had written off as an old maid. More to the point, following WD Harding in his Austen essay "Regulated Hatred," both Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Lucas used legitimate and socially acceptable conventions to savage each other without doing or saying anything overtly inappropriate. 

If we look past the socially acceptable to ethically acceptable behavior, however, we might take offense at the following:

Lady Lucas began directly to calculate, with more interest than the matter had ever excited before, how many years longer Mr. Bennet was likely to live.  

In other words, Lady Lucas is, privately, experiencing a certain glee or schadenfreude over the fact that her daughter will be mistress of her rival, Mrs. Bennet's, home. Using the terminology of our own time, we might say this is not cool. 

How are force and work related?

Work and force are related in that work is the force acting on an object multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force, meaning the distance that the object moves:

W = F x d

A force is a push or a pull. The S.I unit for force is Newtons, with one Newton equal to one kilogram x meter/second^2. Work is expressed in Newton-meters, or N-m.

If you apply a force of 20N...

Work and force are related in that work is the force acting on an object multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force, meaning the distance that the object moves:

W = F x d

A force is a push or a pull. The S.I unit for force is Newtons, with one Newton equal to one kilogram x meter/second^2. Work is expressed in Newton-meters, or N-m.

If you apply a force of 20N to a box to push it horizontally along the floor a distance of 10m, the work done on the box is W = (20N)(10m) = 200 N-m. This is assuming that you're pushing the box in the same direction that it moves. If you apply the force at an angle to the direction of motion you would need to calculate the component of the force that acts in the direction of the motion by resolving the force vector.

In "Tickets, Please!," why were the characters reluctant to dismount their coach?

In the story, passengers are reluctant to dismount their coaches because they do not relish the idea of waiting for another tram while stranded outside in the cold. Furthermore, the unrelenting cold is usually accompanied by strong winds.

So, the passengers usually refuse to disembark unless a fire on board threatens their very existence. Even then, they often wait until circumstances leave them in no doubt about their danger before they climb out. The passengers...

In the story, passengers are reluctant to dismount their coaches because they do not relish the idea of waiting for another tram while stranded outside in the cold. Furthermore, the unrelenting cold is usually accompanied by strong winds.

So, the passengers usually refuse to disembark unless a fire on board threatens their very existence. Even then, they often wait until circumstances leave them in no doubt about their danger before they climb out. The passengers know that most trams are packed; therefore, the chances of being picked up by another tram is very slim. Furthermore, some passing trams may be in disrepair and so, cannot pick up any passengers.

The passengers reason that, even if a tram leaps off the rails (due to the recklessness of the driver), other trams will soon be along to help 'haul it out.' They prefer to wait in the safety and security of the tram rather than risk being stranded out in the cold, with no prospect of continuing their journey.

The reason for this reluctance to dismount is that the nights are howlingly cold, black and windswept, and a car is a haven of refuge. From village to village the miners travel, for a change of cinema, of girl, of pub. The trams are desperately packed. Who is going to risk himself in the black gulf outside, to wait perhaps an hour for another tram, then to see the forlorn notice 'Depot Only'—because there is something wrong; or to greet a unit of three bright cars all so tight with people that they sail past with a howl of derision?

In to Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus tells the children that "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of...

At the beginning of the novel, Atticus teaches Scout a lesson on perspective. He advises that she metaphorically "climb into the skin of people and walk around in it" to understand their perspective. This is an important lesson throughout the novel that is essential to the moral development of Scout. As the novel progresses, Scout attempts to view situations from other people's perspectives. When Jem is acting moody the week after he retrieved his...

At the beginning of the novel, Atticus teaches Scout a lesson on perspective. He advises that she metaphorically "climb into the skin of people and walk around in it" to understand their perspective. This is an important lesson throughout the novel that is essential to the moral development of Scout. As the novel progresses, Scout attempts to view situations from other people's perspectives. When Jem is acting moody the week after he retrieved his pants from the Radley yard, Scout attempts to "climb into his skin and walk around in it" by imagining how she would feel if she had gone alone into Boo's yard.

After Dill runs away from his home and explains his situation to Scout, she begins to try to understand what life would be like if Atticus and Calpurnia did not wish to have her around. This scene portrays Scout continuing to develop her perspective. Scout continues to mature and learns an important lesson following the mob scene. Atticus explains that the reason Walter Cunningham made his gang leave was because he was able to "walk in Atticus' shoes." Scout learns another valuable lesson in perspective when Atticus elaborates on how mob mentality influenced Walter.

Throughout the trial, Scout's moral development is evident when she analyzes the character of Mayella Ewell. Scout states that she feels that Mayella is the loneliest person in Maycomb, even lonelier than Boo Radley. Her ability to compare Mayella to Boo portrays her developing perspective.

In the last chapter of the novel, Scout stands on Boo Radley's porch and looks out at their neighborhood. She begins to reflect on past events and "stands in Boo's skin" to understand how he views the world. This scene is the apex of Scout's moral development in the novel. She is finally able to appreciate Boo Radley as her normal neighbor by understanding his point of view.

I don't know what topic to write about for an essay on "A Modest Proposal"; I don't even know how to start it. Please, someone help me!

This assignment, usually after discussing Swift’s “A Modest Proposal,” serves to demonstrate the student’s understanding of irony and exaggeration to make an argument. When the student understands the “modest” adjective, he/she is then requested to invent a “modest” (read “preposterous”) idea to solve another problem, a suggestion that, by its outrageousness, illuminates the irony of the dilemma but which superficially can be argued. For example, suppose we were to suggest that only cripples and the...

This assignment, usually after discussing Swift’s “A Modest Proposal,” serves to demonstrate the student’s understanding of irony and exaggeration to make an argument. When the student understands the “modest” adjective, he/she is then requested to invent a “modest” (read “preposterous”) idea to solve another problem, a suggestion that, by its outrageousness, illuminates the irony of the dilemma but which superficially can be argued. For example, suppose we were to suggest that only cripples and the sick should fight in a war, because their loss would be less than losing a healthy person. How about suggesting that college students should never read the classic Iliad, because it puts them in a combative, belligerent, defensive mood toward their professors? Or what if ladies were required to wear high heels if they wanted gender equality to play professional sports? See, preposterous “solutions” to social problems highlight the flaws in our thinking, in our approach to solving problems. What if students were required to only plagiarize their homework, so they would learn how to research their topics?

Who is the intended audience for "Legalism" in the book Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly?

It looks like you may be referring to Han Fei's Legalism in the chapter on philosophers from China and Rome in Kevin Reilly's Worlds of History Volume I: To 1550: A Comparative Reader/ Edition 5.

As to who is the intended audience for Legalism, that would most likely be rulers in ancient China, specifically the King of Han, Han Fei's cousin. History tells us that Han Fei was a member of the royal family of Han, one of the states during the Warring States Period in China. As a learned man, he was continually frustrated by his one encompassing weakness: he stuttered. As a result, he was perceived as less intelligent and less wise than other statesmen in the Han kingdom.

During the Warring States Period, Han Fei tried unsuccessfully to advise his cousin in military and political matters. However, his advice fell on deaf ears; so, Han Fei took to writing down his thoughts. His words were so eloquent that today, he is known as the foremost proponent of the School of Law doctrine or Legalism. You can read his treatise on legalism in his book, Han Feizi, which contains fifty-five essays.

Although Han Fei's advice was ignored by his cousin, the King of Han, another ruler took his words to heart. He was none other than the King of Qin, Shi Huang Di, who became the first Emperor of a united China. In fact, the King of Qin was so impressed with Han Fei that he mulled over the idea of employing him in a political capacity in the new Qin dynasty. However, Li Si, his minister (and Han Fei's old nemesis) manipulated matters so that Shi Huang Di's mind turned against the Han statesman. Han Fei was then thrown into prison, and he eventually committed suicide by ingesting poison.

What is legalism? It is basically the law enshrined as the preeminent authority in any kingdom. Han Fei's legalist theories disavowed the Confucian 'government rule by virtue;' instead the rule by law constituted three main principles:

1)Fa: this is the law or abiding principle of any kingdom. The law is irrevocable and final in its authority.

2)Shu: this is the method or tactic of ruling. Legalist rulers maintained order through a draconian system of punishments and rewards. There are no exceptions to any rule.

3)Shi: this is the power or legitimacy to rule. It is the law, not moral authority, which confers the right to rule on a king.

As an example, let's look at Chapter Seven of Han Fei's book, where he mentions the two handles of 'chastisement and commendation.'

To inflict death or torture upon culprits, is called chastisement; to bestow encouragements or rewards on men of merit, is called commendation.

Thus, when an intelligent ruler keeps ministers in service, no minister is allowed either to override his post and get merits thereby nor to utter any word not equivalent to a fact. Whoever overrides his post is put to death; whoever makes a word not equivalent to a fact is punished. If everyone has to do his official duty, and if whatever he says has to be earnest, then the ministers cannot associate for treasonable purposes.

The above is an example of Legalism in terms of autocratic rule. In fact, if you were to read through all fifty-five essays, you will notice something very interesting. Many of Han Fei's thoughts are echoed in another political treatise centuries later; this would be The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli, the 16th century Italian politician and statesman. He argued that the need for strong leadership is necessary to keep government ministers faithful even when they change their minds. Compare the words of Han Fei and Machiavelli below:

For this reason, every sovereign is molested, murdered, deluded, or deceived, because he had lost the handles of chastisement and commendation and let the ministers use them, inviting danger and ruin accordingly. (Han Feizi Chapter VII: The Two Handles).

Besides the reasons mentioned, the nature of the people is variable, and whilst it is easy to persuade them, it is difficult to fix them in that persuasion. And thus it is necessary to take such measures that, when they believe no longer, it may be possible to make them believe by force. (The Prince: Chapter VI — Concerning New Principalities Which Are Acquired By One's Own Arms And Ability).

To read Han Fei's work, please refer to Legalism.