Wednesday, December 28, 2016

How was the fall of Iraq's dictator different from the fall of Egypt's dictator in the early 21st century?

The dictator in Egypt that fell at the turn of the 21st century -- thus serving as president from 1981 until 2011-- was Muhammad Hosni Mubarak. Early in 2011, began what is now known as the Egyptian Revolution, where populist protests for democratic governance erupted and sustained themselves for 18 days. Moreover, these protests in Egypt were influenced by protests in Tunisia, and after which further influenced protests, in Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia,...

The dictator in Egypt that fell at the turn of the 21st century -- thus serving as president from 1981 until 2011-- was Muhammad Hosni Mubarak. Early in 2011, began what is now known as the Egyptian Revolution, where populist protests for democratic governance erupted and sustained themselves for 18 days. Moreover, these protests in Egypt were influenced by protests in Tunisia, and after which further influenced protests, in Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. Collectively, these protests that embroiled the Middle East from late 2010 throughout the rest of 2011, have been labeled the Arab Spring. Whereas, in many of these countries, the toppling of the power center created a vacuum of fragmented chaos and violence, in Egypt, Mubarak left by resignation and in so doing, transferred authority to the military (Supreme Council of the Armed Forces). By April 2011, the new government charged Mubarak with negligence in the killing of peaceful protesters and sentenced him to life in prison. However, after developing health issues, he has received a retrial. Notable to the fall of Mubarak is also US-Egypt relations. Mubarak and the US were on quite favorable terms, to the tune of $1.3 billion a year in (military) aid. However, during the Egyptian Revolution, and the transition from Mubarak to military rule, the US neither intervened nor halted the flow of aid. 


In regards to Iraq, Saddam Hussein, who ruled the country for 24 years, lost power in 2003 (and his life in 2006). In contrast to domestic/internal or even regional strife, the fall of Hussein was instigated by foreign (e.g. mostly US) influences. The US and Hussein never had close relations, as Hussein ideologically adhered to both (Arab) Nationalism and Socialism. More significantly, this ideology precluded US access to any of Iraq's rich oil fields. By early 2003, the US (and Britain) had formed a coalition to invade Iraq under the pretenses of Hussein possessing weapons of mass destruction. Although later deemed false allegations, the invasion not only led to the capture of Hussein, and the replacement of a coalition-formed Iraqi Interim Government, but also to his trial, conviction, and ultimately hanging. 

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